Heck Patrick R, Krueger Joachim I
Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 2015 Oct;144(5):1003-20. doi: 10.1037/xge0000105.
Self-enhancement is a positive bias in self-perception, which may imply error. However, conventional measures of self-enhancement are difference scores that do not distinguish a positive bias from a self-enhancement error, that is, they fail to identify those individuals who hold an irrationally or inaccurately positive view of themselves. We propose 2 new measures to separate error from bias. In the domain of personality judgment, we estimate a defensible bias and an enhancement error from individuals' actual and perceived similarity with others. In the domain of performance, we adapt a decision-theoretic framework to distinguish those who falsely believe to be better than average from those who actually are better. We illustrate the properties of these measures in 3 empirical studies and computer simulations. Implausibly high majorities of people consider themselves to be above average on various dimensions.
自我提升是自我认知中的一种积极偏差，这可能意味着存在误差。然而，传统的自我提升测量方法是差异分数，无法区分积极偏差和自我提升误差，也就是说，它们无法识别那些对自己持有非理性或不准确积极看法的个体。我们提出了两种新的测量方法来区分误差和偏差。在人格判断领域，我们根据个体与他人的实际和感知相似性来估计合理的偏差和提升误差。在表现领域，我们采用决策理论框架来区分那些错误地认为自己比平均水平更好的人和那些实际上更好的人。我们在三项实证研究和计算机模拟中展示了这些测量方法的特性。多得令人难以置信的大多数人认为自己在各个维度上都高于平均水平。
