基于归因的反安慰剂效应。安慰剂药丸和假磁场对认知表现及躯体症状的感知效应。
Attribution-Based Nocebo Effects. Perceived Effects of a Placebo Pill and a Sham Magnetic Field on Cognitive Performance and Somatic Symptoms.
作者信息
Szemerszky Renáta, Dömötör Zsuzsanna, Berkes Tímea, Köteles Ferenc
机构信息
Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Bogdánfy Ödön u. 10., Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
Doctoral School of Psychology and Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
出版信息
Int J Behav Med. 2016 Apr;23(2):204-13. doi: 10.1007/s12529-015-9511-1.
BACKGROUND
Negative non-specific (nocebo-like) effects of medications and electromagnetic fields are often described as results of mistaken attribution.
PURPOSE
The current study aimed to find empirical evidence supporting this theory.
METHOD
Participants completed questionnaires assessing modern health worries, health anxiety, and somatosensory amplification, were assigned to one of three conditions (placebo pill with sedative information, sham magnetic field, or control), and completed a 14-min vigilance task. Changes in physiological arousal (heart rate, heart rate variability, and skin conductance) and reported symptoms were also measured. Finally, causal attributions concerning cognitive performance and reported symptoms were assessed.
RESULTS
No increase in symptom reports and physiological arousal was measured in the two intervention groups. A perceived negative effect on cognitive performance was attributed to both sham conditions, and attributions were connected to modern health worries. A proportion of reported symptoms was ascribed to the placebo pill but not to the sham magnetic field. Symptom attributions were not related to any assessed psychological variables.
CONCLUSIONS
An aroused physiological state is not necessary for the automatic causal attribution process. Negative effects attributed to medication and environmental factors can be regarded as unavoidable side effects of human cognitive-emotional functioning; they might be alleviated, but cannot be completely eradicated.
背景
药物和电磁场的负面非特异性（类无安慰剂）效应通常被描述为错误归因的结果。
目的
本研究旨在寻找支持该理论的实证证据。
方法
参与者完成评估现代健康担忧、健康焦虑和体感放大的问卷，被分配到三种条件之一（带有镇静信息的安慰剂药丸、假磁场或对照组），并完成一项14分钟的警觉任务。还测量了生理唤醒（心率、心率变异性和皮肤电导率）的变化以及报告的症状。最后，评估了关于认知表现和报告症状的因果归因。
结果
两个干预组均未测量到症状报告和生理唤醒的增加。两种假条件都被认为对认知表现有负面影响，且归因与现代健康担忧有关。一部分报告的症状归因于安慰剂药丸而非假磁场。症状归因与任何评估的心理变量均无关。
结论
对于自动因果归因过程而言，生理唤醒状态并非必要条件。归因于药物和环境因素的负面影响可被视为人类认知 - 情感功能不可避免的副作用；它们可能会减轻，但无法完全消除。
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