State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Chem Soc Rev. 2015 Dec 7;44(23):8714-46. doi: 10.1039/c5cs00067j. Epub 2015 Oct 1.
Transfer of energy occurs endlessly in our universe by means of radiation. Compared to energy transfer (ET) in free space, in solid state materials the transfer of energy occurs in a rather confined manner, which is usually mediated by real or virtual particles, including not only photons, but also electrons, phonons, and excitons. In the present review, we discuss the recent advances in optical ET by resonance mediated with photons in solid materials as well as their nanoscale counterparts, with focus on the photoluminescence behavior pertaining to ET between optically active centers, such as rare earth (RE) ions. This review begins with a brief discussion on the classification of optical ET together with an overview of the theoretical formulations and experimental method for the examination of ET. We will then present a comprehensive discussion on the ET in practical systems in which normal photoluminescence, upconversion and quantum cutting resulted from ET involving metal ions, QDs, organic species, 2D materials and plasmonic nanostructures. Diverse ET systems are therefore simply categorized into cases of ion-ion interactions and non-ion interactions. Special attention has been paid to the progress in the manipulation of spatially confined ET in nanostructured systems including core-shell structures, as well as the ET in multiple exciton generation found in QDs and organic molecules, which behave quite similarly to resonance ET between metal ion centers. Afterwards, we will discuss the broad spectrum of applications of ET in the aforementioned systems, including solid state lighting, solar energy utilization, bio-imaging and diagnosis, and sensing. In the closing part, along with a short summary, we discuss further research focus regarding the problems and possible future directions of optical ET in solids.
能量通过辐射在我们的宇宙中无休止地传递。与自由空间中的能量传递（ET）相比，在固态材料中，能量传递以相当受限的方式发生，通常由实粒子或虚粒子介导，这些粒子不仅包括光子，还包括电子、声子和激子。在本综述中，我们讨论了固态材料中通过光子共振介导的光 ET 及其纳米级对应物的最新进展，重点讨论了与光活性中心（如稀土（RE）离子）之间的 ET 相关的光致发光行为。本综述首先简要讨论了光 ET 的分类，概述了用于研究 ET 的理论公式和实验方法。然后，我们将全面讨论实际系统中的 ET，其中涉及金属离子、QD、有机物质、二维材料和等离子体纳米结构的正常光致发光、上转换和量子剪裁都源于 ET。因此，各种 ET 系统简单地分为离子-离子相互作用和非离子相互作用两种情况。特别关注了在包括核壳结构在内的纳米结构系统中对空间受限 ET 的操纵的进展，以及在 QD 和有机分子中发现的多激子产生中的 ET，其行为与金属离子中心之间的共振 ET 非常相似。然后，我们将讨论 ET 在上述系统中的广泛应用，包括固态照明、太阳能利用、生物成像和诊断以及传感。在最后部分，我们在简短总结后，讨论了有关固体光学 ET 的问题和可能的未来方向的进一步研究重点。
