Javed Fawad, Al-Kheraif Abdulaziz A, Rahman Irfan, Millan-Luongo Lorena Teresa, Feng Changyong, Yunker Michael, Malmstrom Hans, Romanos Georgios E
Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.
Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
J Periodontol. 2016 Feb;87(2):142-7. doi: 10.1902/jop.2015.150235. Epub 2015 Oct 2.
There is a dearth of studies that have compared clinical and radiologic markers of periodontal inflammation between water-pipe smokers (WPs) and cigarette smokers (CSs). The aim of the present study is to compare the clinical and radiographic periodontal status between habitual WPs and CSs.
In total, 200 males (50 WPs, 50 CSs, and 100 controls) with comparable mean age and education were included. Demographic information was recorded using a questionnaire. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], clinical attachment loss [AL], and marginal bone loss [MBL]) and numbers of missing teeth (MT) were recorded.
The duration of each smoking session for WPs and CSs was 50.2 ± 6.7 and 15.3 ± 0.4 minutes, respectively. Number of MT [P <0.0001], PI [P <0.0001], AL [P <0.0001], PD ≥4 mm [P <0.0001], and MBL [P <0.0001]) was significantly higher among WPs and CSs than controls. BOP was significantly higher among controls than WPs (P <0.0001) and CSs (P <0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in the aforementioned parameters between WPs and CSs.
Males in a Saudi Arabian community who were CSs or WPs had more MT and poorer periodontal condition than never smokers. The periodontal condition of WPs was equally as poor as CSs. Additional clinical observational studies with emphasis on sex and sociodemographic characteristics are needed.
目前缺乏对水烟吸食者（WPs）和香烟吸食者（CSs）之间牙周炎症的临床和放射学标志物进行比较的研究。本研究的目的是比较习惯性水烟吸食者和香烟吸食者的临床和影像学牙周状况。
总共纳入了200名平均年龄和受教育程度相当的男性（50名水烟吸食者、50名香烟吸食者和100名对照者）。使用问卷记录人口统计学信息。记录牙周参数（菌斑指数[PI]、探诊出血[BOP]、探诊深度[PD]、临床附着丧失[AL]和边缘骨丧失[MBL]）以及缺失牙数量（MT）。
水烟吸食者和香烟吸食者每次吸烟的时长分别为50.2±6.7分钟和15.3±0.4分钟。水烟吸食者和香烟吸食者的MT数量[P<0.0001]、PI[P<0.0001]、AL[P<0.0001]、PD≥4mm[P<0.0001]和MBL[P<0.0001]均显著高于对照者。对照者的BOP显著高于水烟吸食者（P<0.0001）和香烟吸食者（P<0.0001）。水烟吸食者和香烟吸食者在上述参数上无统计学显著差异。
沙特阿拉伯社区中吸食香烟或水烟的男性比从不吸烟者有更多的缺失牙且牙周状况更差。水烟吸食者的牙周状况与香烟吸食者同样糟糕。需要开展更多强调性别和社会人口学特征的临床观察性研究。
