Hoppe Camilla, Gøbel Rikke, Kristensen Mette, Lind Mads Vendelbo, Matthiessen Jeppe, Christensen Tue, Trolle Ellen, Fagt Sisse, Madsen Mia Linda, Husby Steffen
Division of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860, Søborg, Denmark.
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Eur J Nutr. 2017 Feb;56(1):107-117. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1062-3. Epub 2015 Oct 6.
Celiac disease, an immunological response triggered by gluten, affects ~1 % of the Western population. Information concerning gluten intake in the general population is scarce. We determined intake of gluten from wheat, barley, rye and oat in the Danish National Survey of Diet and Physical Activity 2005-2008. The study population comprised a random cross-sectional sample of 1494 adults 20-75 years, selected from the Danish Civil Registration System.
Protein content in wheat, rye, barley and oat was determined from the National Danish Food Composition Table and multiplied with the amount of cereal used in recipes. Amount of gluten was calculated as amount of cereal protein ×0.80 for wheat and oat, ×0.65 for rye and ×0.50 for barley. Dietary intake was recorded daily during seven consecutive days in pre-coded food diaries with open-answer possibilities.
Mean total gluten intake was 10.4 ± 4.4 g/day (10th-90th percentiles; 5.4-16.2 g/day), in men 12.0 ± 4.6 g/day and 9.0 ± 3.4 g/day in women. It was higher among men than among women in all age groups (20-75 years; P < 0.0001); however, this difference was eliminated when adjusting for energy intake. Intake of different gluten sources tended to be higher in men than in women with the exception of gluten from barley. Total gluten intake decreased with increasing age (P < 0.0001) as did gluten intake from wheat (P < 0.0001), whereas intake of gluten from rye (P < 0.0001) and barley (P = 0.001) increased with increasing age, also when adjusted for energy intake or body weight.
This study presents representative population-based data on gluten intake in Danish adults. Total gluten intake decreased with increasing age.
乳糜泻是一种由麸质引发的免疫反应，影响着约1%的西方人口。关于普通人群麸质摄入量的信息较为匮乏。我们在2005 - 2008年丹麦饮食与身体活动全国调查中确定了小麦、大麦、黑麦和燕麦中麸质的摄入量。研究人群包括从丹麦民事登记系统中随机抽取的1494名20 - 75岁的成年人横断面样本。
从小麦、黑麦、大麦和燕麦的丹麦国家食物成分表中确定蛋白质含量，并乘以食谱中使用的谷物量。麸质含量的计算方法为：小麦和燕麦的谷物蛋白量×0.80，黑麦×0.65，大麦×0.50。连续七天使用可自由作答的预编码食物日记记录每日饮食摄入量。
麸质总摄入量平均为10.4±4.4克/天（第10 - 90百分位数；5.4 - 16.2克/天），男性为12.0±4.6克/天，女性为9.0±3.4克/天。在所有年龄组（20 - 75岁）中，男性的摄入量均高于女性（P < 0.0001）；然而，在调整能量摄入后，这种差异消失。除了大麦中的麸质外，不同麸质来源的摄入量男性往往高于女性。麸质总摄入量随年龄增长而下降（P < 0.0001），小麦中的麸质摄入量也是如此（P < 0.0001），而黑麦（P < 0.0001）和大麦（P = 0.001）中的麸质摄入量在调整能量摄入或体重后也随年龄增长而增加。
本研究提供了丹麦成年人基于人群的麸质摄入量代表性数据。麸质总摄入量随年龄增长而下降。
