Kleinschmidt Dave F, Jaeger T Florian
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Computer Science, and Linguistics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2016 Jun;23(3):678-91. doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0943-z.
When a listener hears many good examples of a /b/ in a row, they are less likely to classify other sounds on, e.g., a /b/-to-/d/ continuum as /b/. This phenomenon is known as selective adaptation and is a well-studied property of speech perception. Traditionally, selective adaptation is seen as a mechanistic property of the speech perception system, and attributed to fatigue in acoustic-phonetic feature detectors. However, recent developments in our understanding of non-linguistic sensory adaptation and higher-level adaptive plasticity in speech perception and language comprehension suggest that it is time to re-visit the phenomenon of selective adaptation. We argue that selective adaptation is better thought of as a computational property of the speech perception system. Drawing on a common thread in recent work on both non-linguistic sensory adaptation and plasticity in language comprehension, we furthermore propose that selective adaptation can be seen as a consequence of distributional learning across multiple levels of representation. This proposal opens up new questions for research on selective adaptation itself, and also suggests that selective adaptation can be an important bridge between work on adaptation in low-level sensory systems and the complicated plasticity of the adult language comprehension system.
当听众连续听到多个 /b/ 的良好示例时，他们就不太可能将其他声音（例如，处于 /b/ 到 /d/ 连续统上的声音）归类为 /b/。这种现象被称为选择性适应，是语音感知中一个经过充分研究的特性。传统上，选择性适应被视为语音感知系统的一种机械特性，并归因于声学语音特征探测器的疲劳。然而，我们对非语言感觉适应以及语音感知和语言理解中的高级适应性可塑性的最新认识进展表明，现在是时候重新审视选择性适应这一现象了。我们认为，选择性适应更应被视为语音感知系统的一种计算特性。借鉴近期关于非语言感觉适应和语言理解可塑性的研究中的一条共同线索，我们进一步提出，选择性适应可被视为跨多个表征层次的分布式学习的结果。这一观点为选择性适应本身的研究提出了新问题，也表明选择性适应可能是低层次感觉系统中的适应研究与成人语言理解系统复杂可塑性之间的重要桥梁。
