CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Jan 15;541:1625-1637. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.145. Epub 2015 Oct 9.
Reports of pharmaceuticals in STPs and aquatic systems in the northern hemisphere have surged over the last decade. However, the Australian evidence base is relatively limited, and information on the role of seasonal dilution in attenuation of micropollutants is also scarce. We investigated the removal of 11 PPCPs during sewage treatment in Australia's largest inland STP, and concentrations in the effluent-receiving environment under 2 dilution scenarios. Five treatment stages were sampled, as well as upstream and downstream of the effluent outfall in the Lower Molonglo/Upper Murrumbidgee Catchment, which is dominated by effluent flow during dry periods. Compounds of interest include carbamazepine (CBZ), venlafaxine (VEN), sertraline (SER), fluoxetine (FLX), atenolol (ATL), sotalol (SOT), metoprolol (MET) propranolol (PRL), chlorpheniramine (CHP), diphenhydramine (DPH), and triclosan (TCS). Removal of most pharmaceuticals in the STP was incomplete, although the degree of removal was highly variable for compounds in the same therapeutic class, and for the same compounds in different seasons. Removal efficiency was highest for TCS and lowest for VEN (effluent concentrations 5-7 times higher than influent). Influent mass loads and removal efficiencies of cardiovascular medicines varied considerably. Effluent loads were highest for CBZ, VEN and SOT in both seasons (up to 64 g/day). The dilution conditions were clearly reflected in the 'zone of impact' of PPCPs in the catchment. This study confirms that risk assessment models for PPCPs must account for seasonality of influent loads and removal efficiency of STPs, and site validation is critical for predictive capability. Seasonal dilution can play an important role in ameliorating potentially adverse effects related to mixtures of PPCPs in effluent-impacted systems.
过去十年,北半球污水处理厂(STPs)和水生系统中药物的报告数量激增。然而,澳大利亚的证据基础相对有限,有关季节性稀释在减少微污染物方面作用的信息也很少。我们研究了澳大利亚最大内陆 STP 中 11 种 PPCPs 在污水处理过程中的去除情况,以及在两种稀释情况下,出水受纳环境中的浓度。在Lower Molonglo/Upper Murrumbidgee 流域,五个处理阶段以及污水处理厂出水口的上下游都进行了采样,该流域在旱季主要受污水流的影响。感兴趣的化合物包括卡马西平(CBZ)、文拉法辛(VEN)、舍曲林(SER)、氟西汀(FLX)、阿替洛尔(ATL)、索他洛尔(SOT)、美托洛尔(MET)、普萘洛尔(PRL)、氯苯那敏(CHP)、苯海拉明(DPH)和三氯生(TCS)。污水处理厂对大多数药物的去除不完全,尽管同一治疗类别的化合物和不同季节的同一化合物的去除程度差异很大。TCS 的去除效率最高,VEN 最低(出水浓度是进水浓度的 5-7 倍)。心血管药物的进水负荷和去除效率变化很大。在两个季节中,CBZ、VEN 和 SOT 的出水负荷最高(高达 64 克/天)。稀释条件明显反映在流域中 PPCPs 的“影响区”。本研究证实,PPCPs 的风险评估模型必须考虑到 STP 进水负荷的季节性和去除效率,并且现场验证对于预测能力至关重要。季节性稀释可以在减轻与污水影响系统中 PPCPs 混合物相关的潜在不利影响方面发挥重要作用。