Hofmann Frieder, Otto Mathias, Kuhn Ulrike, Ober Steffi, Schlechtriemen Ulrich, Vögel Rudolph
TIEM Integrated Environmental Monitoring GbR, Nörten-Hardenberg/Bremen, Germany.
Ökologiebüro, Bremen, Germany.
Insects. 2011 Feb 21;2(1):12-21. doi: 10.3390/insects2010012.
Maize is wind pollinated and produces huge amounts of pollen. In consequence, the Cry toxins expressed in the pollen of Bt maize will be dispersed by wind in the surrounding vegetation leading to exposure of non-target organisms (NTO). NTO like lepidopteran larvae may be affected by the uptake of Bt-pollen deposited on their host plants. Although some information is available to estimate pollen deposition on host plants, recorded data are based on indirect measurements such as shaking or washing off pollen, or removing pollen with adhesive tapes. These methods often lack precision and they do not include the necessary information such as the spatial and temporal variation of pollen deposition on the leaves. Here, we present a new method for recording in situ the amount and the distribution of Bt-maize pollen deposited on host plant leaves. The method is based on the use of a mobile digital microscope (Dino-Lite Pro, including DinoCapture software), which can be used in combination with a notebook in the field. The method was evaluated during experiments in 2008 to 2010. Maize pollen could be correctly identified and pollen deposition as well as the spatial heterogeneity of maize pollen deposition was recorded on maize and different lepidopteran host plants (Centaurea scabiosa, Chenopodium album, Rumex spp., Succina pratensis and Urtica dioica) growing adjacent to maize fields.
玉米是风媒授粉植物，会产生大量花粉。因此，转基因抗虫玉米花粉中表达的Cry毒素会被风散布到周围植被中，导致非靶标生物（NTO）接触到这些毒素。像鳞翅目幼虫这样的非靶标生物可能会因摄取沉积在其寄主植物上的转基因抗虫玉米花粉而受到影响。尽管已有一些信息可用于估计花粉在寄主植物上的沉积情况，但记录的数据是基于诸如摇晃或冲洗花粉，或用胶带去除花粉等间接测量方法得出的。这些方法往往缺乏精确性，且不包括花粉在叶片上沉积的时空变化等必要信息。在此，我们提出一种新方法，用于原位记录沉积在寄主植物叶片上的转基因抗虫玉米花粉的数量和分布情况。该方法基于使用移动数字显微镜（Dino-Lite Pro，包括DinoCapture软件），它可以在野外与笔记本电脑配合使用。在2008年至2010年的实验中对该方法进行了评估。能够正确识别玉米花粉，并记录了玉米花粉在玉米以及与玉米田相邻生长的不同鳞翅目寄主植物（蓝盆花、藜、酸模属植物、草地琥珀和异株荨麻）上的沉积情况以及玉米花粉沉积的空间异质性。
