Bell Raoul, Sasse Julia, Möller Malte, Czernochowski Daniela, Mayr Susanne, Buchner Axel
Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Psychophysiology. 2016 Feb;53(2):216-28. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12561. Epub 2015 Oct 16.
A sequential prisoner's dilemma game was combined with psychophysiological measures to examine the cognitive underpinnings of reciprocal exchange. Participants played four rounds of the game with partners who either cooperated or cheated. In a control condition, the partners' faces were shown, but no interaction took place. The partners' behaviors were consistent in the first three rounds of the game, but in the last round some of the partners unexpectedly changed strategies. In the first round of the game, the feedback about a partner's decision elicited a feedback P300, which was more pronounced for cooperation and cheating in comparison to the control condition, but did not vary as a function of feedback valence. In the last round, both the feedback negativity and the feedback P300 were sensitive to expectancy violations. There was no consistent evidence for a negativity bias, that is, enhanced allocation of attention to feedback about another person's cheating in comparison to feedback about another person's cooperation. Instead, participants focused on both positive and negative information, and flexibly adjusted their processing biases to the diagnosticity of the information. This conclusion was corroborated by the ERP correlates of memory retrieval. Successful retrieval of a partner's reputation was associated with an anterior positivity between 400 and 600 ms after face onset. This anterior positivity was more pronounced for both cooperator and cheater faces in comparison to control faces. The results suggest that it is not the negativity of social information, but rather its motivational and behavioral relevance that determines its processing.
将一个序贯囚徒困境博弈与心理生理测量相结合，以检验互惠交换的认知基础。参与者与合作或欺骗的伙伴进行四轮游戏。在控制条件下，展示伙伴的面孔，但不进行互动。伙伴的行为在游戏的前三轮中是一致的，但在最后一轮中，一些伙伴意外地改变了策略。在游戏的第一轮中，关于伙伴决策的反馈引发了反馈P300，与控制条件相比，合作和欺骗引发的反馈P300更明显，但不随反馈效价而变化。在最后一轮中，反馈负波和反馈P300都对预期违反敏感。没有一致的证据表明存在消极偏向，即与关于他人合作的反馈相比，对关于他人欺骗的反馈的注意力分配增强。相反，参与者关注积极和消极信息，并根据信息的诊断性灵活调整他们的加工偏向。这一结论得到了记忆检索的ERP相关结果的证实。成功检索伙伴的声誉与面孔出现后400至600毫秒之间的前部正波有关。与对照面孔相比，合作面孔和欺骗面孔的前部正波更明显。结果表明，决定社会信息加工的不是其消极性，而是其动机和行为相关性。
