VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
J Atten Disord. 2020 Jul;24(9):1317-1329. doi: 10.1177/1087054715606216. Epub 2015 Oct 20.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is highly prevalent in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and may account for inconsistencies in findings on neurocognitive functioning in ADHD. Our aim was to assess cool and hot executive functioning (EF) and temporal processing in ADHD with and without comorbid ODD to elucidate the effects of comorbid ODD. ADHD-only ( = 82), ADHD + ODD ( = 82), and controls ( = 82), with mean age 16 years ( 3.1), matched for age, gender, IQ, and ADHD type (clinical groups) were assessed on cool EF (inhibition, working memory), hot EF (reinforcement processing, emotion recognition), and temporal processing (time production and reproduction). Individuals with ADHD + ODD showed abnormalities in inhibition, working memory, facial emotion recognition, and temporal processing, whereas individuals with ADHD-only were solely impaired in working memory and time production. Findings suggest that ODD carries a substantial part of the EF deficits observed in ADHD and contrast with current theories of neurocognitive impairments in ADHD.
对立违抗性障碍（ODD）在注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）中非常普遍，可能是 ADHD 神经认知功能发现结果不一致的原因。我们的目的是评估 ADHD 伴或不伴共病 ODD 患者的冷静和冲动执行功能（EF）和时间处理能力，以阐明共病 ODD 的影响。ADHD 组（n=82）、ADHD+ODD 组（n=82）和对照组（n=82），平均年龄为 16 岁（3.1），年龄、性别、智商和 ADHD 类型相匹配（临床组），接受冷静 EF（抑制、工作记忆）、冲动 EF（强化处理、情绪识别）和时间处理（时间产生和再现）评估。ADHD+ODD 患者在抑制、工作记忆、面部情绪识别和时间处理方面存在异常，而 ADHD 患者仅在工作记忆和时间产生方面存在障碍。研究结果表明，ODD 是 ADHD 中观察到的 EF 缺陷的主要原因，与 ADHD 神经认知损伤的当前理论形成对比。
