Nilsson Danielle, Gramotnev Galina, Baxter Greg, Butler James R A, Wich Serge A, McAlpine Clive A
Landscape Ecology and Conservation Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
Research and Data Analysis Centre, GPO Box 1272, Aspley, QLD, 4034, Australia.
Conserv Biol. 2016 Aug;30(4):816-26. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12650. Epub 2016 Apr 6.
Community-based conservation programs in developing countries are often based on the assumption that heteronomous motivation (e.g., extrinsic incentives such as economic rewards and pressure or coercion to act) will incite local communities to adopt conservation behaviors. However, this may not be as effective or sustainable as autonomous motivations (e.g., an intrinsic desire to act due to inherent enjoyment or self-identification with a behavior and through freedom of choice). We analyzed the comparative effectiveness of heteronomous versus autonomous approaches to community-based conservation programs through a case study of Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) conservation in 3 villages in Indonesia. Each village had a different conservation program design. We surveyed people (n = 240) to determine their motivations for and behavior changes relative to orangutan and orangutan habitat (forest) protection. Heteronomous motivations (e.g., income from tourism) led to greater self-reporting of behavior change toward orangutan protection. However, they did not change self-reported behavior toward forest (i.e., orangutan habitat) protection. The most effective approach to creating self-reported behavior change throughout the community was a combination of autonomous and heteronomous motivations. Individuals who were heteronomously motivated to protect the orangutan were more likely to have changed attitudes than to have changed their self-reported behavior. These findings demonstrate that the current paradigm of motivating communities in developing countries to adopt conservation behaviors primarily through monetary incentives and rewards should consider integrating autonomous motivational techniques that promote the intrinsic values of conservation. Such a combination has a greater potential to achieve sustainable and cost-effective conservation outcomes. Our results highlight the importance of using in-depth sociopsychological analyses to inform the design and implementation of community-based conservation programs.
发展中国家基于社区的保护项目通常基于这样一种假设，即他律动机（例如经济奖励、压力或强制行动等外部激励）会促使当地社区采取保护行为。然而，这可能不如自主动机有效或可持续（例如，由于内在的享受或对某种行为的自我认同以及通过选择自由而产生的内在行动欲望）。我们通过对印度尼西亚三个村庄的苏门答腊猩猩（Pongo abelii）保护进行案例研究，分析了基于社区的保护项目中他律与自主方法的相对有效性。每个村庄都有不同的保护项目设计。我们对240人进行了调查，以确定他们对猩猩及猩猩栖息地（森林）保护的动机和行为变化。他律动机（如来自旅游业的收入）导致对猩猩保护行为变化的自我报告增加。然而，它们并没有改变对森林（即猩猩栖息地）保护的自我报告行为。在整个社区创造自我报告行为变化的最有效方法是自主动机和他律动机相结合。受到他律动机驱使去保护猩猩的个体更有可能改变态度，而不是改变他们自我报告的行为。这些发现表明，目前主要通过货币激励和奖励来促使发展中国家社区采取保护行为的模式应考虑整合促进保护内在价值的自主激励技术。这样的结合更有潜力实现可持续且具有成本效益的保护成果。我们的结果凸显了运用深入的社会心理分析为基于社区的保护项目的设计和实施提供信息的重要性。
