Russell N J
Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales, Cardiff, U.K.
J Bioenerg Biomembr. 1989 Feb;21(1):93-113. doi: 10.1007/BF00762214.
Halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms can grow in (hyper)saline environments, but only halophiles specifically require salt. Genotypic and phenotypic adaptations are displayed by halophiles; the halotolerants adapt phenotypically, but it is not established whether they show genotypic adaptation. This paper reviews the various strategies of haloadaptation of membrane proteins and lipids by halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms. Moderate halophiles and halotolerants adapt their membrane lipid composition by increasing the proportion of anionic lipids, often phosphatidylglycerol and/or glycolipids, which in the moderately halophilic bacterium Vibrio costicola appears to be part of an osmoregulatory response to minimize membrane stress at high salinities. Extreme halophiles possess typical archaebacterial ether lipids, which are genotypically adapted by having additional substitutions with negatively-charged residues such as sulfate. In contrast to the lipids, it is less clear whether membrane proteins are haloadapted, although they may be more acidic; very few depend on salt for their activity.
耐盐和嗜盐微生物能够在（高）盐环境中生长，但只有嗜盐菌特别需要盐分。嗜盐菌表现出基因型和表型适应性；耐盐菌表现出表型适应性，但它们是否表现出基因型适应性尚未确定。本文综述了耐盐和嗜盐微生物对膜蛋白和脂质进行盐适应性调节的各种策略。中度嗜盐菌和耐盐菌通过增加阴离子脂质（通常是磷脂酰甘油和/或糖脂）的比例来调节其膜脂组成，在中度嗜盐细菌科氏弧菌中，这似乎是一种渗透调节反应的一部分，以在高盐度下最小化膜应力。极端嗜盐菌拥有典型的古细菌醚脂，通过带有额外的带负电荷残基（如硫酸盐）的取代基而在基因型上得到适应。与脂质不同，膜蛋白是否进行了盐适应性调节尚不太清楚，尽管它们可能更具酸性；很少有膜蛋白的活性依赖于盐。
