[Surgical Stabilisation of Flail Chest Injury: Indications, Technique and Results].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Multiple rib fractures with segmental chest wall instability are caused by high-energy chest trauma and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Flail chest injuries are mostly combined with lung injury (contusion, rupture, laceration) and subsequent pneumothorax or haemothorax. Early mechanical ventilation with internal pneumatic splinting is a conservative treatment for flail chest in patients with respiratory insufficiency. The surgical stabilisation of a flail chest is an effective method of treatment and is beneficial for selected patients. It shortens the duration of mechanical ventilation and thus reduces morbidity associated with prolonged ventilatory support. In addition, it decreases long-term pain and the inability of a flail chest to heal due to malunion, non-union or progressive collapse of the flail segment. Surgical stabilisation of a flail chest is indicated when the clinical examination shows progressive respiratory dysfunction confirmed by the results of multiple detector computer tomography (MDCT) of the thorax.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirty-three consecutive patients who underwent surgical stabilisation of a flail chest at the Trauma Centre between 2010 and 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. This included patient demographics, chest injury extent, results of pre-operative chest imaging (MDCT), surgical stabilisation technique and post-operative outcome. In addition to providing a radiographic finding of respiratory failure, the result of MDCT chest examination was considered an important criterion for surgical intervention. Surgical stabilisation of the chest wall was performed at an interval ranging from 2 hours to 11 days after injury. Intra-thoracic procedures were indicated in patients with lung injury (pulmonary laceration). The surgical procedure was completed by chest tube placement.

RESULTS

Surgical stabilisation was carried out using 3 to 8 plates for flail segment fixation involving 3 to 4 ribs. The duration of post- operative mechanical ventilation was 5 days on the average. It was longer in patients with associated injuries such as craniocerebral trauma or severe pulmonary contusion. Tracheostomy was performed in seven patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. Two patients had superficial surgical site infection. No death was recorded in the follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical stabilisation of the flail chest segment is considered an effective procedure in selected patients, leading to improvement of respiratory function. By allowing for a shorter period of time on mechanical ventilation, it reduces the occurrence of complications due to ventilatory support. The result of MDCT chest examination in patients with fail chest is an important indication criterion for surgical fixation.