Tao Lily, Taft Marcus, Gollan Tamar H
1School of Psychology,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia.
2Department of Psychiatry,University of California San Diego,San Diego,California.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2015 Aug;21(7):531-44. doi: 10.1017/S1355617715000521.
This study investigated the relationship between bilingualism and task switching ability using a standardized measure of switching and an objective measure of bilingual language proficiency. Heritage Language (HL) speaking Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals and English speaking monolinguals completed all four subtests of the Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT), an English verbal fluency task, and a picture naming test (the Multilingual Naming Test) in English. Bilinguals also named pictures in their HL to assess HL proficiency. Spanish-English bilinguals were advantaged in task switching, exhibiting significantly smaller switching cost than monolinguals, but were disadvantaged in verbal fluency and picture naming. Additionally, performance on these cognitive and linguistic tasks was related to degree of HL proficiency, so that increased ability to name pictures in Spanish was associated with greater switching advantage, and greater disadvantage in both verbal fluency and picture naming. Mandarin-English bilinguals, who differed from the Spanish-English bilinguals on several demographic and language-use characteristics, exhibited a smaller but statistically significant switching advantage, but no linguistic disadvantage, and no clear relationship between HL proficiency and the switching advantage. Together these findings demonstrate an explicit link between objectively measured bilingual language proficiency and both bilingual advantages and disadvantages, while also showing that consequences of bilingualism for cognitive and linguistic task performance can vary across different language combinations.
本研究使用标准化的转换测量方法和双语语言熟练度的客观测量方法，调查了双语能力与任务转换能力之间的关系。说西班牙语 - 英语和普通话 - 英语的传承语言（HL）双语者以及说英语的单语者完成了颜色 - 单词干扰测试（CWIT）的所有四个子测试、一项英语语言流畅性任务以及一项用英语进行的图片命名测试（多语言命名测试）。双语者还用他们的传承语言命名图片以评估传承语言熟练度。西班牙语 - 英语双语者在任务转换方面具有优势，其转换成本显著低于单语者，但在语言流畅性和图片命名方面处于劣势。此外，这些认知和语言任务的表现与传承语言熟练度程度相关，因此用西班牙语命名图片的能力增强与更大的转换优势相关，以及在语言流畅性和图片命名方面更大的劣势相关。普通话 - 英语双语者在一些人口统计学和语言使用特征方面与西班牙语 - 英语双语者不同，他们表现出较小但具有统计学意义的转换优势，但没有语言劣势，并且传承语言熟练度与转换优势之间没有明确的关系。这些研究结果共同表明，客观测量的双语语言熟练度与双语优势和劣势之间存在明确联系，同时也表明双语对认知和语言任务表现的影响可能因不同的语言组合而异。
