Martin Dominique E, Van Assche Kristof, Domínguez-Gil Beatriz, López-Fraga Marta, Budiani-Saberi Debra, Lavee Jacob, Tibell Annika, Moazam Farhat, Muller Elmi, Danovitch Gabriel M, Codreanu Igor, Naicker Saraladevi, Al Rukhaimi Mona, McGuinness Sheelagh, Bakr Mohamed A, Moniruzzaman Monir, Capron Alexander M, Delmonico Francis L
1 Centre for Health Equity, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.2 Bioethics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.3 Organización Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain.4 European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France.5 Coalition for Organ-Failure Solutions, Washington, DC.6 Sheba Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.7 Centre for Healthcare Ethics (CHE), Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.8 Center of Biomedical Ethics and Culture, SIUT, Pakistan.9 University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.10 David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.11 Transplant Agency of Moldova, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.12 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.13 Dubai Medical College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.14 University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.15 Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.16 Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.17 Pacific Center for Health Policy and Ethics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.18 Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Transplantation. 2016 Aug;100(8):1776-84. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000001001.
Many nations are able to prosecute transplant-related crimes committed in their territory, but transplant recipients, organ sellers and brokers, and transplant professionals may escape prosecution by engaging in these practices in foreign locations where they judge the risk of criminal investigation and prosecution to be remote.
The Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group convened an international working group to evaluate the possible role of extraterritorial jurisdiction in strengthening the enforcement of existing laws governing transplant-related crimes across national boundaries. Potential practical and ethical concerns about the use of extraterritorial jurisdiction were examined, and possible responses were explored.
Extraterritorial jurisdiction is a legitimate tool to combat transplant-related crimes. Further, development of a global registry of transnational transplant activities in conjunction with a standardized international referral system for legitimate travel for transplantation is proposed as a mechanism to support enforcement of national and international legal tools.
States are encouraged to include provisions on extraterritorial jurisdiction in their laws on transplant-related crimes and to collaborate with professionals and international authorities in the development of a global registry of transnational transplant activities. These actions would assist in the identification and evaluation of illicit activities and provide information that would help in developing strategies to deter and prevent them.
许多国家能够对在其境内实施的与移植相关的犯罪进行起诉，但移植受者、器官买卖双方及中间人以及移植专业人员可能会通过在他们认为刑事调查和起诉风险较低的外国开展这些活动来逃避起诉。
《伊斯坦布尔宣言》保管小组召集了一个国际工作组，以评估域外管辖权在加强跨国界执行现有与移植相关犯罪法律方面可能发挥的作用。研究了使用域外管辖权可能存在的实际和伦理问题，并探讨了可能的应对措施。
域外管辖权是打击与移植相关犯罪的合法工具。此外，建议建立一个全球跨国移植活动登记处，并结合一个标准化的国际移植合法旅行转诊系统，作为支持执行国家和国际法律工具的一种机制。
鼓励各国在其与移植相关犯罪的法律中纳入域外管辖权条款，并与专业人员和国际当局合作建立一个全球跨国移植活动登记处。这些行动将有助于识别和评估非法活动，并提供有助于制定威慑和预防策略的信息。
