Hackney Amy L, Cinelli Michael E, Frank James S
Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2015 Nov;162:62-8. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.10.007. Epub 2015 Oct 31.
The current study set out to evaluate how individuals walk through apertures created by different stationary obstacles. Specifically, we examined whether the passability of apertures differed between human and pole obstacles by quantifying aperture crossing behaviors such as the critical point. Participants walked an 8m path toward a visible goal located at the end. Two obstacles were positioned 5m from the starting location and participants were instructed to pass between the obstacles without hitting them. The distance between the obstacles ranged between 1.0 and 1.8× the participant's shoulder width. Results revealed that, when the obstacles were humans, individuals rotated their shoulders more frequently at larger apertures, as evidenced by a larger critical point (1.7 vs 1.3 for poles), initiated shoulder rotations earlier, rotated to a larger degree, left a wider clearance between their shoulders and the obstacles at the time of crossing, and walked slower when approaching and passing through the obstacles compared to when the obstacles were poles. Furthermore, correlational analyses revealed that the amount of change between an individual's critical point for the poles and the critical point for the human obstacles was related to social risk-taking and changes in walking speed. Therefore, it appears that the passability of apertures changes when walking between two people versus two objects such that more space and greater caution are needed for human obstacles. It is possible that the greater caution observed for human obstacles is to account for the personal space needs of others that do not exist in the same extent for poles and that the degree of caution is related to social factors.
当前的研究旨在评估个体如何穿过由不同静止障碍物形成的通道。具体而言，我们通过量化诸如临界点等通道穿越行为，研究了人与杆状障碍物之间通道的可通过性是否存在差异。参与者沿着一条8米长的路径朝着位于终点的可见目标行走。两个障碍物放置在距离起始位置5米处，要求参与者在不碰到障碍物的情况下从它们之间穿过。障碍物之间的距离在参与者肩宽的1.0至1.8倍之间。结果显示，当障碍物是人时，在较大通道中个体更频繁地转动肩膀，这表现为临界点更大（杆状障碍物为1.3，人为障碍物为1.7），更早开始转动肩膀，转动幅度更大，在穿过时肩膀与障碍物之间留出更宽的间距，并且与障碍物是杆状时相比，在接近和穿过障碍物时行走速度更慢。此外，相关性分析表明，个体对于杆状障碍物的临界点与对于人为障碍物的临界点之间的变化量与社会冒险行为以及行走速度的变化有关。因此，似乎在两人之间行走与在两个物体之间行走时，通道的可通过性会发生变化，对于人为障碍物需要更多空间和更大的谨慎。对于人为障碍物观察到的更大谨慎可能是为了考虑他人的个人空间需求，而杆状障碍物不存在这种需求，并且谨慎程度与社会因素有关。
