Newbould Melanie Joy
J Med Ethics. 2016 Apr;42(4):256-9. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2015-102948. Epub 2015 Nov 6.
Elite sport and the measures imposed to prevent 'men' from 'cheating' by posing as women in women's events cast interesting light on notions of sex and gender. Some women have testes, organs that produce testosterone, because they are trans women or they have an intersex state. Testosterone is recognised as a performance-enhancing substance in at least some circumstances, and therefore, women with testes may possess an advantage when competing in some sport against women without testes, though this has never been subjected to rigorous scientific testing. The International Olympic Committee and the International Association of Athletics Federation have decreed that such individuals can compete only if they undergo medical and surgical treatment, which is likely to mean gonadectomy. This might be considered to impose an unethical demand on the individual concerned and constitute an infringement of bodily autonomy for that individual. It also suggests a binary view of sex/gender that is simplistic and not scientifically accurate. I discuss this approach and consider alternative methods of approaching the problem of women with testes in athletics.
精英体育以及为防止“男性”在女子赛事中冒充女性“作弊”而采取的措施，为性与性别的概念带来了有趣的启示。一些女性有睾丸，即产生睾酮的器官，因为她们是跨性别女性或者处于双性状态。在至少某些情况下，睾酮被认为是一种能提高成绩的物质，因此，有睾丸的女性在与没有睾丸的女性进行某些体育比赛时可能具有优势，尽管这从未经过严格的科学测试。国际奥委会和国际田径联合会规定，这类人只有接受医学和外科治疗后才能参赛，这可能意味着要进行性腺切除术。这可能被认为是对相关个人提出了不道德的要求，并侵犯了该个人的身体自主权。它还暗示了一种关于性/性别的二元观点，这种观点过于简单，在科学上并不准确。我将讨论这种方法，并考虑处理田径项目中有睾丸女性问题的替代方法。
