Dobkin de Rios M, Winkelman M
Department of Anthropology, California State University, Fullerton 92634.
J Psychoactive Drugs. 1989 Jan-Mar;21(1):1-7. doi: 10.1080/02791072.1989.10472137.
In this article, the issue of shamanism and altered states of consciousness (ASC) is reviewed from a cross-cultural and multidisciplinary perspective. It is suggested that in spite of considerable differences in the uses of these terms, there are conceptual and empirical grounds for distinction among different types of trance practitioners. The authors argue that shamanism is a cultural adaptation of hunting and gathering societies to the biological potential for ASC, and that the specific nature of that manifestation changes as societies become more complex. The role of ASC in understanding shamanic phenomena, the roots of religious experience, and the modern manifestations of the potential for trance are examined. Western cultural avoidance of ASC has inhibited understanding of these phenomena, and has prevented an integration of shamanistic and trance perspectives into the understanding human of psychology, consciousness, and knowledge of the world.
在本文中，我们从跨文化和多学科的视角审视了萨满教与意识改变状态（ASC）的问题。研究表明，尽管这些术语的使用存在显著差异，但不同类型的恍惚实践者之间在概念和实证方面仍有区分的依据。作者认为，萨满教是狩猎采集社会对意识改变状态的生物潜能的一种文化适应，并且随着社会变得更加复杂，这种表现形式的具体性质也会发生变化。我们还探讨了意识改变状态在理解萨满现象、宗教体验根源以及恍惚潜能的现代表现方面所起的作用。西方文化对意识改变状态的回避抑制了对这些现象的理解，并且阻碍了将萨满教和恍惚视角融入对人类心理学、意识及世界观的理解之中。
