Rangel-Gomez Mauricio, Meeter Martijn
Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
J Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jan;30(1):3-12. doi: 10.1177/0269881115612238. Epub 2015 Nov 24.
Our brains are highly responsive to novelty. However, how novelty is processed in the brain, and what neurotransmitter systems play a role therein, remains elusive. Here, we systematically review studies on human participants that have looked at the neuromodulatory basis of novelty detection and processing. While theoretical models and studies on nonhuman animals have pointed to a role of the dopaminergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, the human literature has focused almost exclusively on the first two. Dopamine was found to affect electrophysiological responses to novelty early in time after stimulus presentation, but evidence on its effects on later processing was found to be contradictory: While neuropharmacological studies mostly yielded null effects, gene studies did point to an important role for dopamine. Acetylcholine seems to dampen novelty signals in the medial temporal lobe, but boost them in frontal cortex. Findings on 5-HT (serotonin) were found to be mostly contradictory. Two large gaps were identified in the literature. First, few studies have looked at neuromodulatory influences on behavioral effects of novelty. Second, no study has looked at the involvement of the noradrenergic system in novelty processing.
我们的大脑对新事物高度敏感。然而，新事物在大脑中是如何被处理的，以及哪些神经递质系统在其中发挥作用，仍然不清楚。在这里，我们系统地回顾了针对人类参与者的研究，这些研究探讨了新事物检测和处理的神经调节基础。虽然理论模型和对非人类动物的研究指出了多巴胺能、胆碱能、去甲肾上腺素能和血清素能系统的作用，但人类文献几乎只关注前两者。研究发现，多巴胺在刺激呈现后的早期会影响对新事物的电生理反应，但关于其对后期处理的影响的证据相互矛盾：虽然神经药理学研究大多没有效果，但基因研究确实指出了多巴胺的重要作用。乙酰胆碱似乎会抑制内侧颞叶中的新事物信号，但会增强额叶皮质中的信号。关于5-羟色胺（血清素）的研究结果大多相互矛盾。文献中发现了两个大的空白。第一，很少有研究探讨神经调节对新事物行为效应的影响。第二，没有研究探讨去甲肾上腺素能系统在新事物处理中的参与情况。
