Wortman C B, Silver R C
J Consult Clin Psychol. 1989 Jun;57(3):349-57. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.57.3.349.
Drawing from theory and clinical lore, we consider how individuals are assumed to cope following irrevocable loss. Several assumptions are reviewed reflecting beliefs concerning the grieving process. Specifically, we examine the expectation that depression is inevitable following loss; that distress is necessary, and failure to experience it is indicative of pathology; that it is necessary to "work through" or process a loss; and that recovery and resolution are to be expected following loss. Although limited research has examined these assumptions systematically, available empirical work fails to support and in some cases contradicts them. Implications of our analysis for theoretical development and research are explored. Finally, we maintain that mistaken assumptions held about the process of coping with loss fail to acknowledge the variability that exists in response to loss, and may lead others to respond to those who have endured loss in ways that are unhelpful.
基于理论和临床经验，我们思考个体在遭受无法挽回的损失后被认为会如何应对。回顾了几个假设，这些假设反映了有关悲伤过程的信念。具体而言，我们审视了以下期望：损失后抑郁不可避免；痛苦是必要的，未能经历痛苦表明存在病态；有必要“度过”或处理损失；以及损失后有望恢复和解决。尽管有限的研究已系统地检验了这些假设，但现有的实证研究未能支持这些假设，在某些情况下甚至与之相矛盾。我们探讨了分析对理论发展和研究的影响。最后，我们认为，关于应对损失过程的错误假设未能认识到应对损失时存在的变异性，可能会导致其他人以无益的方式回应那些遭受损失的人。
