Yager Lisa, Hellmold Nora, Joo Hyoun-A, Putnam Michael T, Rossi Eleonora, Stafford Catherine, Salmons Joseph
Center for the Study of Upper Midwestern Cultures, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA.
Department of Germanic & Slavic Languages and Literatures, Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA.
Front Psychol. 2015 Nov 20;6:1716. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01716. eCollection 2015.
Research treats divergences between monolingual and heritage grammars in terms of performance-'L1 attrition,' e.g., lexical retrieval-or competence-'incomplete acquisition', e.g., lack of overt tense markers (e.g., Polinsky, 1995; Sorace, 2004; Montrul, 2008; Schmid, 2010). One classic difference between monolingual and Heritage German is reduction in morphological case in the latter, especially loss of dative marking. Our evidence from several Heritage German varieties suggests that speakers have not merely lost case, but rather developed innovative structures to mark it. More specifically, Heritage German speakers produce dative forms in line with established patterns of Differential Object Marking (Bossong, 1985, 1991; Aissen, 2003), suggesting a reallocated mapping of case. We take this as evidence for innovative reanalysis in heritage grammars (Putnam and Sánchez, 2013). Following Kamp and Reyle (1993) and Wechsler (2011, 2014), the dative adopts a more indexical discourse function, forging a tighter connection between morphosyntax and semantic properties. Moribund grammars deploy linguistic resources in novel ways, a finding which can help move us beyond simple narratives of 'attrition' and 'incomplete acquisition.'
研究从表现（例如词汇检索方面的“第一语言损耗”）或能力（例如缺乏明显的时态标记方面的“不完全习得”）的角度来探讨单语语法和传承语法之间的差异（例如，波利尼斯基，1995；索拉斯，2004；蒙特鲁尔，2008；施密德，2010）。单语德语和传承德语之间的一个经典差异在于后者形态格的简化，尤其是与格标记的丧失。我们从几种传承德语变体中获得的证据表明，说这种语言的人不仅失去了格，而且还发展出了创新的结构来标记它。更具体地说，传承德语使用者产出的与格形式符合已确立的差异宾语标记模式（博松，1985，1991；艾森，2003），这表明格的映射被重新分配。我们将此视为传承语法中创新重新分析的证据（普特南和桑切斯，2013）。遵循坎普和雷尔（1993）以及韦克斯勒（2011，2014）的观点，与格采用了一种更具索引性的话语功能，在形态句法和语义属性之间建立了更紧密的联系。行将消亡的语法以新颖的方式调配语言资源，这一发现有助于我们超越关于“损耗”和“不完全习得”的简单描述。
