Gear J H
National Institute for Virology, Sandringham, Republic of South Africa.
Rev Infect Dis. 1989 May-Jun;11 Suppl 4:S777-82. doi: 10.1093/clinids/11.supplement_4.s777.
Three hemorrhagic fevers occur in southern Africa: Rift Valley fever, Marburg virus disease, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. The patient's history of travel in Africa, visits to rural areas, contact with sick animals or their carcasses, or contact with a tick-infested environment or tick bites is important. Rift Valley fever is characterized by an incubation period of approximately 3 or 4 days, sudden onset of fever with a biphasic course, and signs and symptoms of liver and kidney disorder. The commonest complication is retinitis with a central scotoma. Severe cases may develop a hemorrhagic state, which may be fatal. Marburg virus disease was studied in two Australian students after a tour of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and in a nurse who cared for them. The incubation period of approximately 7 days is followed by sudden onset of fever (typically lasting 7 days) and the appearance of a maculopapular petechial rash on the 5th day. A hemorrhagic state develops about the same time and may be fatal. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is widespread in South Africa; it may be transmitted by tick bite of the species Hyalomma, by contact with the tissues of animals, or by contact with infected patients.
裂谷热、马尔堡病毒病和克里米亚-刚果出血热。患者在非洲的旅行史、前往农村地区、接触患病动物或其尸体，或接触有蜱虫的环境或被蜱虫叮咬等情况很重要。裂谷热的特点是潜伏期约为3或4天，突然发热且病程呈双相性，伴有肝脏和肾脏功能紊乱的体征和症状。最常见的并发症是伴有中心暗点的视网膜炎。严重病例可能会发展为出血状态，这可能是致命的。两名澳大利亚学生在游览罗德西亚（现津巴布韦）后以及一名照顾他们的护士感染了马尔堡病毒病。潜伏期约为7天，随后突然发热（通常持续7天），并在第5天出现斑丘疹瘀点皮疹。出血状态大约在同一时间出现，可能是致命的。克里米亚-刚果出血热在南非广泛传播；它可通过璃眼蜱属蜱虫叮咬、接触动物组织或接触感染患者传播。
