Prasad Priya, Dalmotas Dainius, Chouinard Aline
Prasad Engineering, LLC.
D.J. Dalmotas Consulting, Inc.
Stapp Car Crash J. 2015 Nov;59:91-112. doi: 10.4271/2015-22-0004.
Light duty vehicles in the US are designed to meet and exceed regulatory standards, self-imposed industry agreements and safety rating tests conducted by NHTSA and IIHS. The evolution of side impact regulation in the US from 1973 to 2015 is discussed in the paper along with two key industry agreements in 2003 affecting design of restraint systems and structures for side impact protection. A combination of all the above influences shows that vehicles in the US are being designed to more demanding and comprehensive requirements than in any other region of the world. The crash environment in the US related to side impacts was defined based on data in the nationally representative crash database NASS. Crash environment factors, including the distribution of cars, light trucks and vans (LTV's), and medium-to-heavy vehicles (MHV's) in the fleet, and the frequency of their interactions with one another in side impacts, were considered. Other factors like, crash severity in terms of closing velocity between two vehicles involved in crash, gender and age of involved drivers in two-vehicle and single vehicle crashes, were also examined. Injury risks in side impacts to drivers and passengers were determined in various circumstances such as near-side, far-side, and single vehicle crashes as a function of crash severity, in terms of estimated closing speed or lateral delta-V. Also injury risks in different pairs of striking and struck cars and LTV's, were estimated. A logistic regression model for studying injury risks in two vehicle crashes was developed. The risk factors included in the model include case and striking vehicles, consisting of cars, SUV's, vans, and pickup trucks, delta-V, damage extent, occupant proximity to the impact side, age and gender of the occupant, and belt use. Results show that car occupants make up the vast majority of serious-to-fatally injured occupants. Injury rates of car occupants in two-vehicle collision are highest when the car is struck by a pickup and lowest when struck by a car. This was the case across all lateral delta-V ranges. Additionally, near-side injury rates are substantially higher than those in far-side impacts.
美国的轻型车辆旨在满足并超越监管标准、行业自行制定的协议以及美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）和美国公路安全保险协会（IIHS）进行的安全评级测试。本文讨论了1973年至2015年美国侧面碰撞法规的演变，以及2003年影响侧面碰撞保护约束系统和结构设计的两项关键行业协议。上述所有影响因素相结合表明，美国车辆的设计要求比世界上任何其他地区都更加严格和全面。美国与侧面碰撞相关的碰撞环境是根据具有全国代表性的碰撞数据库NASS中的数据定义的。考虑了碰撞环境因素，包括车队中轿车、轻型卡车和厢式货车（LTV）以及中型至重型车辆（MHV）的分布，以及它们在侧面碰撞中相互作用的频率。还研究了其他因素，如碰撞中涉及的两辆车之间的接近速度所表示的碰撞严重程度、两车碰撞和单车碰撞中涉及驾驶员的性别和年龄。根据估计的接近速度或横向速度变化（delta-V）等碰撞严重程度，确定了驾驶员和乘客在各种情况下（如近侧、远侧和单车碰撞）侧面碰撞中的受伤风险。还估计了不同碰撞车和被撞车（轿车和LTV）组合中的受伤风险。开发了一个用于研究两车碰撞中受伤风险的逻辑回归模型。该模型中包含的风险因素包括案例车和碰撞车，由轿车、运动型多用途汽车（SUV）、厢式货车和皮卡组成，速度变化（delta-V）、损坏程度、乘员与碰撞侧的距离、乘员的年龄和性别以及安全带使用情况。结果表明，轿车乘员占严重至致命受伤乘员的绝大多数。轿车在两车碰撞中被皮卡撞击时的受伤率最高，被轿车撞击时最低。在所有横向速度变化（delta-V）范围内都是如此。此外，近侧受伤率远高于远侧碰撞中的受伤率。
