Wagner Daniel, Tkotz Simon, Koester Philip, Becker Benjamin, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank Euphrosyne, Daumann Joerg
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany.
Front Neurosci. 2015 Dec 8;9:445. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00445. eCollection 2015.
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is associated with changes in neurocognitive performance. Recent studies in laboratory animals have provided additional support for the neurodegeneration hypothesis. However, results from animal research need to be applied to humans with caution. Moreover, several of the studies that examine MDMA users suffer from methodological shortcomings. Therefore, a prospective cohort study was designed in order to overcome these previous methodological shortcomings and to assess the relationship between the continuing use of MDMA and cognitive performance in incipient MDMA users. It was hypothesized that, depending on the amount of MDMA taken, the continued use of MDMA over a 2-year period would lead to further decreases in cognitive performance, especially in visual paired association learning tasks. Ninety-six subjects were assessed, at the second follow-up assessment: 31 of these were non-users, 55 moderate-users, and 10 heavy-users. Separate repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted for each cognitive domain, including attention and information processing speed, episodic memory, and executive functioning. Furthermore, possible confounders including age, general intelligence, cannabis use, alcohol use, use of other concomitant substances, recent medical treatment, participation in sports, level of nutrition, sleep patterns, and subjective well-being were assessed. The Repeated measures analysis of variance (rANOVA) revealed that a marginally significant change in immediate and delayed recall test performances of visual paired associates learning had taken place within the follow-up period of 2 years. No further deterioration in continuing MDMA-users was observed in the second follow-up period. No significant differences with the other neuropsychological tests were noted. It seems that MDMA use can impair visual paired associates learning in new users. However, the groups differed in their use of concomitant use of illicit drugs. Therefore, performance differences between the groups cannot completely ascribed to the use of MDMA.
3,4-亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺（摇头丸）与神经认知功能的变化有关。最近对实验动物的研究为神经退行性变假说提供了更多支持。然而，动物研究的结果需要谨慎地应用于人类。此外，一些研究摇头丸使用者的研究存在方法学上的缺陷。因此，设计了一项前瞻性队列研究，以克服先前方法学上的缺陷，并评估初用摇头丸者持续使用摇头丸与认知功能之间的关系。据推测，根据服用摇头丸的量，在两年时间内持续使用摇头丸会导致认知功能进一步下降，尤其是在视觉配对联想学习任务中。在第二次随访评估时对96名受试者进行了评估：其中31名是非使用者，55名是中度使用者，10名是重度使用者。对每个认知领域进行了单独的重复测量方差分析，包括注意力和信息处理速度、情景记忆和执行功能。此外，还评估了可能的混杂因素，包括年龄、一般智力、大麻使用、酒精使用、其他伴随物质的使用、近期医疗治疗、体育参与、营养水平、睡眠模式和主观幸福感。重复测量方差分析（rANOVA）显示，在两年的随访期内，视觉配对联想学习的即时和延迟回忆测试成绩发生了轻微显著变化。在第二次随访期未观察到持续使用摇头丸者的进一步恶化。未发现与其他神经心理学测试有显著差异。似乎使用摇头丸会损害新使用者的视觉配对联想学习。然而，各组在非法药物的伴随使用方面存在差异。因此，各组之间的表现差异不能完全归因于摇头丸的使用。
