Lima Luciana, Espinosa-Álvarez Oneida, Pinto C Miguel, Cavazzana Manzelio, Pavan Ana Carolina, Carranza Julio C, Lim Burton K, Campaner Marta, Takata Carmen S A, Camargo Erney P, Hamilton Patrick B, Teixeira Marta M G
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1374, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
Parasit Vectors. 2015 Dec 23;8:657. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-1255-x.
Bat trypanosomes are implicated in the evolution of the T. cruzi clade, which harbours most African, European and American trypanosomes from bats and other trypanosomes from African, Australian and American terrestrial mammals, including T. cruzi and T. rangeli, the agents of the American human trypanosomiasis. The diversity of bat trypanosomes globally is still poorly understood, and the common ancestor, geographical origin, and evolution of species within the T. cruzi clade remain largely unresolved.
Trypanosome sequences were obtained from cultured parasites and from museum archived liver/blood samples of bats captured from Guatemala (Central America) to the Brazilian Atlantic Coast. Phylogenies were inferred using Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH), and Spliced Leader (SL) RNA genes.
Here, we described Trypanosoma wauwau n. sp. from Pteronotus bats (Mormoopidae) placed in the T. cruzi clade, then supporting the bat-seeding hypothesis whereby the common ancestor of this clade likely was a bat trypanosome. T. wauwau was sister to the clade T. spp-Neobats from phyllostomid bats forming an assemblage of trypanosome species exclusively of Noctilionoidea Neotropical bats, which was sister to an Australian clade of trypanosomes from indigenous marsupials and rodents, which possibly evolved from a bat trypanosome. T. wauwau was found in 26.5% of the Pteronotus bats examined, and phylogeographical analysis evidenced the wide geographical range of this species. To date, this species was not detected in other bats, including those that were sympatric or shared shelters with Pteronotus. T. wauwau did not develop within mammalian cells, and was not infective to Balb/c mice or to triatomine vectors of T. cruzi and T. rangeli.
Trypanosoma wauwau n. sp. was linked to Pteronotus bats. The positioning of the clade T. wauwau/T.spp-Neobats as the most basal Neotropical bat trypanosomes and closely related to an Australian lineage of trypanosomes provides additional evidence that the T. cruzi clade trypanosomes likely evolved from bats, and were dispersed in bats within and between continents from ancient to unexpectedly recent times.
蝙蝠锥虫与克氏锥虫进化枝的演化有关，该进化枝包含大多数来自蝙蝠的非洲、欧洲和美洲锥虫以及来自非洲、澳大利亚和美洲陆生哺乳动物的其他锥虫，包括美洲人类锥虫病的病原体克氏锥虫和兰氏锥虫。全球蝙蝠锥虫的多样性仍知之甚少，克氏锥虫进化枝内物种的共同祖先、地理起源和进化在很大程度上仍未得到解决。
从培养的寄生虫以及从危地马拉（中美洲）到巴西大西洋沿岸捕获的蝙蝠的博物馆存档肝脏/血液样本中获取锥虫序列。使用小亚基（SSU）rRNA、糖体甘油醛磷酸脱氢酶（gGAPDH）和剪接引导（SL）RNA基因推断系统发育。
在此，我们描述了来自翼手目蝙蝠（叶口蝠科）的沃沃锥虫新种，其属于克氏锥虫进化枝，从而支持了蝙蝠播种假说，即该进化枝的共同祖先可能是一种蝙蝠锥虫。沃沃锥虫是来自叶口蝠的锥虫属 - 新蝙蝠进化枝的姐妹种，形成了一个仅由新热带叶口蝠科蝙蝠组成的锥虫物种组合，该组合是来自澳大利亚本土有袋动物和啮齿动物的锥虫进化枝的姐妹种，后者可能由一种蝙蝠锥虫进化而来。在检查的26.5%的翼手目蝙蝠中发现了沃沃锥虫，系统地理学分析证明了该物种广泛的地理分布范围。迄今为止，在其他蝙蝠中未检测到该物种，包括那些与翼手目蝙蝠同域分布或共享栖息地的蝙蝠。沃沃锥虫在哺乳动物细胞内不发育，对Balb/c小鼠或克氏锥虫和兰氏锥虫的锥蝽媒介无感染性。
沃沃锥虫新种与翼手目蝙蝠有关。沃沃锥虫/锥虫属 - 新蝙蝠进化枝作为最基部的新热带蝙蝠锥虫且与澳大利亚锥虫谱系密切相关的定位提供了额外证据，表明克氏锥虫进化枝锥虫可能起源于蝙蝠，并在从古至今乃至近期在各大洲内部和之间的蝙蝠中传播。
