Diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating microRNAs in heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are powerful regulators of posttranscriptional gene expression and play an important role in pathophysiological processes. Circulating miRNAs can be quantified in body liquids and are promising biomarkers in numerous diseases. In cardiovascular disease miRNAs have been proven to be reliable diagnostic biomarkers for different disease entities. In cardiac fibrosis (CF) and heart failure (HF) dysregulated circulating miRNAs have been identified, indicating their promising applicability as diagnostic biomarkers. Some miRNAs were successfully tested in risk stratification of HF implementing their potential use as prognostic biomarkers. In this respect miRNAs might soon be implemented in diagnostic clinical routine. In the young field of miRNA based research advances have been made in identifying miRNAs as potential targets for the treatment of experimental CF and HF. Promising study results suggest their potential future application as therapeutic agents in treatment of cardiovascular disease. This article summarizes the current state of the various aspects of miRNA research in the field of CF and HF with reduced ejection fraction as well as preserved ejection fraction. The review provides an overview of the application of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers in CF and HF and current approaches to therapeutically utilize miRNAs in this field of cardiovascular disease.