a Unit of Training and Research in Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University , Rabat , Morocco.
b Center of Doctoral Studies in Life Sciences and Health CEDoc-SVS, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University , Rabat , Morocco.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017 Jul 24;57(11):2377-2391. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1057633.
This is a first systematic review summarizing 43 years of research from 36 countries for the assessment of cadmium in breast milk, a suitable matrix in human biomonitoring.
To report from the published literature the levels of cadmium in breast milk, and the affecting factors causing increase in cadmium concentrations. In addition, to gather several quantitative data that might be useful to evaluate the international degrees of maternal and infant exposure.
We reviewed the literature published between 1971 and 2014, available on Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, reporting quantitative data about cadmium levels in human breast milk. Information about the aim of the study, name of the country, period of collection of samples, size of samples, sampling method, time of lactation, mother's age, area of residence, cadmium concentration, and other data were extracted.
Sixty-seven studies were selected and included in this systematic review. Some concentrations greatly exceed the limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO); however, about 50% of the studies had less than 1 µg/L cadmium concentration (recommended by the WHO); as well as many factors have shown their implication in breast milk contamination.
Breast milk is a pathway of maternal excretion of cadmium. It is also a biological indicator of the degree of environmental pollution and cadmium exposure of the lactating woman and the nourished infant. Therefore, preventive measures and continuous monitoring are necessary.
这是首次对 36 个国家 43 年来的研究进行系统综述，旨在评估母乳中的镉含量，这是人体生物监测的合适基质。
从已发表的文献中报告母乳中镉的水平，以及导致镉浓度升高的影响因素。此外，收集一些可能有助于评估国际母婴暴露程度的定量数据。
我们检索了 1971 年至 2014 年期间发表在 Pubmed、Science Direct 和 Google Scholar 上的文献，报告了人类母乳中镉水平的定量数据。提取的信息包括研究目的、国家名称、样本采集时间、样本大小、采样方法、哺乳期、母亲年龄、居住地区、镉浓度和其他数据。
共选择了 67 项研究并纳入本系统综述。一些浓度大大超过世界卫生组织（WHO）设定的限值；然而，约 50%的研究中镉浓度低于 1µg/L（WHO 推荐）；许多因素也表明它们与母乳污染有关。
母乳是母体镉排泄的途径。它也是哺乳期妇女和受哺婴儿环境污染和镉暴露程度的生物指标。因此，需要采取预防措施和持续监测。
