运动变化对大学期间身体成分的影响——一项为期五年的随机对照研究。
Impact of exercise changes on body composition during the college years--a five year randomized controlled study.
机构信息
Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, 78054, Schwenningen, Germany.
出版信息
BMC Public Health. 2016 Jan 19;16:50. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-2692-y.
BACKGROUND
Observational studies have consistently reported severe weight gains during the college years; information about the effect on body composition is scarce, however. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of exercise changes on body composition during 5 years at university.
METHODS
Sixty-one randomly selected male and female dental (DES; 21 ± 3 years., 22 ± 2 kg/m(2)) and 53 sport (physical education) students (SPS; 20 ± 2 years., 22 ± 3 kg/m(2)) were accompanied over their 5-year study program. Body mass and body composition as determined via Dual-Energy x-ray-absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and follow-up were selected as primary study endpoints. Confounding parameters (i.e., nutritional intake, diseases, medication) that may affect study endpoints were determined every two years. Endpoints were log-transformed to stabilize variance and achieve normal distributed values. Paired t-tests and unpaired Welch-t-tests were used to check intra and inter-group differences.
RESULTS
Exercise volume decreased significantly by 33% (p < .001) in the DES and increased significantly (p < .001) in the SPS group. Both cohorts comparably (p = .214) gained body mass (SPS: 1.9%, 95%-CI: 0.3-3.5%, p = .019 vs. DES: 3.4%, 1.4-5.5%, p = .001). However, the increase in the SPS group can be completely attributed to changes in LBM (2.3%, 1.1-3.5%, p < 0.001) with no changes of total fat mass (0.6%, -5.0-6.5%, p = 0.823), while DES gained total FM and LBM in a proportion of 2:1. Corresponding changes were determined for appendicular skeletal muscle mass and abdominal body-fat. Maximum aerobic capacity increased (p = .076) in the SPS (1.6%, -0.2-3.3%) and significantly decreased (p = .004) in the DES (-3.3%, -5.4 to -1.2%). Group differences were significant (p < .001). With respect to nutritional intake or physical activity, no relevant changes or group differences were observed.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the most deleterious effect on fatness and fitness in young college students was the pronounced decreases in exercise volume and particularly exercise intensity.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
NCT00521235; "Effect of Different Working Conditions on Risk Factors in Dentists Versus Trainers. A Combined Cross sectional and Longitudinal Trial with Student and Senior Employees."; August 24, 2007.
背景
观察性研究一致报告了在大学期间体重严重增加；然而，关于对身体成分影响的信息却很少。因此，本研究的目的是确定在大学期间的 5 年中，运动变化对身体成分的影响。
方法
随机选择 61 名男性和女性牙科（DES；21 ± 3 岁，22 ± 2 kg/m²）和 53 名体育（体育教育）学生（SPS；20 ± 2 岁，22 ± 3 kg/m²）参加他们的 5 年研究计划。在基线和随访时通过双能 X 射线吸收法（DXA）确定的体重和身体成分被选为主要研究终点。每两年确定一次可能影响研究终点的混杂参数（即营养摄入、疾病、药物）。将终点进行对数转换以稳定方差并获得正态分布值。使用配对 t 检验和非配对 Welch-t 检验检查组内和组间差异。
结果
DES 组的运动量显著减少 33%（p < 0.001），而 SPS 组的运动量显著增加（p < 0.001）。两个队列都可比地（p = 0.214）增加体重（SPS：1.9%，95%-CI：0.3-3.5%，p = 0.019 与 DES：3.4%，1.4-5.5%，p = 0.001）。然而，SPS 组的增加可以完全归因于去脂体重（LBM）的变化（2.3%，1.1-3.5%，p < 0.001），而总脂肪量没有变化（0.6%，-5.0-6.5%，p = 0.823），而 DES 则以脂肪与 LBM 2:1 的比例增加了总 FM 和 LBM。相应的变化也确定了四肢骨骼肌质量和腹部体脂的变化。最大有氧能力在 SPS 中增加（p = 0.076）（1.6%，-0.2-3.3%），而在 DES 中显著降低（p = 0.004）（-3.3%，-5.4 至-1.2%）。组间差异具有统计学意义（p < 0.001）。关于营养摄入或体力活动，没有观察到相关的变化或组间差异。
结论
我们的结论是，对年轻大学生的肥胖和健康最不利的影响是运动量和特别是运动强度的明显减少。
试验注册
NCT00521235；“不同工作条件对牙医与培训师的危险因素的影响。一项对学生和高级员工进行的联合横断面和纵向试验。”；2007 年 8 月 24 日。
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