Raymond J A, DeVries A L
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Jun;74(6):2589-93. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.6.2589.
Polar fishes are known to have serum proteins and glycoproteins that protect them from freezing, by a noncolligative process. Measurements of antifreeze concentrations in ice and scanning electron micrographs of freeze-dried antifreeze solutions indicate that the antifreezes are incorporated in ice during freezing. The antifreezes also have a pronounced effect on the crystal habit of ice grown in their presence. Each of four antifreezes investigated caused ice to grow in long needles whose axes were parallel to the ice c axis. Together these results indicate the antifreezes adsorb to ice surfaces and inhibit their growth. A model in which adsorbed antifreezes raise the curvature of growth steps on the ice surface is proposed to account for the observed depression of the temperature at which freezing occurs and agrees well with experimental observations. The model is similar to one previously proposed for other cases of crystal growth inhibition.
已知极地鱼类拥有血清蛋白和糖蛋白，它们通过一种非依数性过程保护自身免受冻害。对冰中抗冻剂浓度的测量以及冻干抗冻剂溶液的扫描电子显微镜图像表明，抗冻剂在冷冻过程中会融入冰中。抗冻剂对在其存在下生长的冰的晶体习性也有显著影响。所研究的四种抗冻剂中的每一种都会使冰长成轴与冰c轴平行的长针状。这些结果共同表明，抗冻剂吸附在冰表面并抑制其生长。提出了一个模型，其中吸附的抗冻剂会提高冰表面生长台阶的曲率，以解释观察到的冰点降低现象，并且与实验观察结果非常吻合。该模型与先前针对其他晶体生长抑制情况提出的模型相似。
