BLOCH R, WALTERS D H, KUHN W
J Gen Physiol. 1963 Jan;46(3):605-15. doi: 10.1085/jgp.46.3.605.
When investigating the freezing behaviour (by thermal analysis) of the glycerol-extracted adductor muscle of Mytilus edulis it was observed that the temperature of ice formation in the muscular tissue was up to 1.5 degrees C lower than the freezing point of the embedding liquid, a 0.25 N KCl solution with pH = 4.9 with which the tissue had been equilibrated prior to the freezing experiment. A smaller freezing point depression was observed if the pH values of the embedding 0.25 N KCl solution were above or below pH = 4.9. Reasoning from results obtained previously in analogous experiments with artificial gels, the anomalous freezing depression is explained by the impossibility of growing at the normal freezing temperature regular macroscopic crystals inside the gel, due to the presence of the gel network. The freezing temperature is here determined by the size of the microprisms penetrating the meshes of the network at the lowered freezing temperature. This process leads finally to an ice block of more or less regular structure in which the filaments are embedded. Prerequisite for this hindrance of ideal ice growth is a sufficient tensile strength of the filamental network. The existence of structurally caused freezing point depression in biological tissue is likely to invalidate many conclusions reported in the literature, in which hypertonicity was deduced from cryoscopic data.
在研究紫贻贝甘油提取的内收肌的冷冻行为（通过热分析）时，观察到肌肉组织中冰形成的温度比包埋液的冰点低达1.5摄氏度，包埋液是pH = 4.9的0.25 N KCl溶液，在冷冻实验之前组织已与该溶液平衡。如果包埋的0.25 N KCl溶液的pH值高于或低于pH = 4.9，则观察到较小的冰点降低。根据先前在人工凝胶的类似实验中获得的结果进行推理，异常的冰点降低是由于凝胶网络的存在，使得在正常冷冻温度下凝胶内部无法生长规则的宏观晶体。此处的冷冻温度由在降低的冷冻温度下穿透网络网孔的微棱柱的大小决定。这个过程最终导致形成一个或多或少具有规则结构的冰块，细丝嵌入其中。理想冰生长受阻的前提是丝状网络具有足够的拉伸强度。生物组织中由结构引起的冰点降低的存在可能会使文献中报道的许多结论无效，在这些文献中，从冰点数据推断出高渗性。
