Curtis Andrew, Blackburn Jason K, Smiley Sarah L, Yen Minmin, Camilli Andrew, Alam Meer Taifur, Ali Afsar, Morris J Glenn
GIS, Health & Hazards Lab, Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Feb 3;13(2):187. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13020187.
The cartographic challenge in many developing world environments suffering a high disease burden is a lack of granular environmental covariates suitable for modeling disease outcomes. As a result, epidemiological questions, such as how disease diffuses at intra urban scales are extremely difficult to answer. This paper presents a novel geospatial methodology, spatial video, which can be used to collect and map environmental covariates, while also supporting field epidemiology. An example of epidemic cholera in a coastal town of Haiti is used to illustrate the potential of this new method. Water risks from a 2012 spatial video collection are used to guide a 2014 survey, which concurrently included the collection of water samples, two of which resulted in positive lab results "of interest" (bacteriophage specific for clinical cholera strains) to the current cholera situation. By overlaying sample sites on 2012 water risk maps, a further fifteen proposed water sample locations are suggested. These resulted in a third spatial video survey and an additional "of interest" positive water sample. A potential spatial connection between the "of interest" water samples is suggested. The paper concludes with how spatial video can be an integral part of future fine-scale epidemiological investigations for different pathogens.
在许多疾病负担沉重的发展中世界环境中，制图面临的挑战是缺乏适合对疾病结果进行建模的详细环境协变量。因此，诸如疾病如何在城市内部尺度上扩散等流行病学问题极难回答。本文提出了一种新颖的地理空间方法——空间视频，它可用于收集和绘制环境协变量，同时也支持现场流行病学。以海地一个沿海城镇的霍乱疫情为例来说明这种新方法的潜力。利用2012年空间视频收集得到的水风险信息来指导2014年的一项调查，该调查同时包括水样采集，其中两份水样的实验室检测结果呈“相关阳性”（针对临床霍乱菌株的噬菌体），与当前霍乱疫情形势相关。通过将采样点叠加在2012年的水风险地图上，又提出了另外15个建议的水样采集地点。这些地点促成了第三次空间视频调查，并获得了另外一份“相关阳性”水样。文中提出了“相关阳性”水样之间可能存在的空间联系。本文最后阐述了空间视频如何能够成为未来针对不同病原体进行精细尺度流行病学调查的一个组成部分。
