Clark Herbert H
Stanford University.
Psychol Rev. 2016 Apr;123(3):324-47. doi: 10.1037/rev0000026. Epub 2016 Feb 8.
In everyday discourse, people describe and point at things, but they also depict things with their hands, arms, head, face, eyes, voice, and body, with and without props. Examples are iconic gestures, facial gestures, quotations of many kinds, full-scale demonstrations, and make-believe play. Depicting, it is argued, is a basic method of communication. It is on a par with describing and pointing, but it works by different principles. The proposal here, called staging theory, is that depictions are physical scenes that people stage for others to use in imagining the scenes they are depicting. Staging a scene is the same type of act that is used by children in make-believe play and by the cast and crew in stage plays. This theory accounts for a diverse set of features of everyday depictions. Although depictions are integral parts of everyday utterances, they are absent from standard models of language processing. To be complete, these models will have to account for depicting as well as describing and pointing.
在日常话语中，人们会描述事物并指向事物，但他们也会用手、手臂、头部、面部、眼睛、声音和身体来描绘事物，无论是否借助道具。例如标志性手势、面部表情、各种引用、完整的演示以及假装游戏。有人认为，描绘是一种基本的交流方式。它与描述和指向处于同等地位，但遵循不同的原则。这里提出的称为“舞台理论”的观点是，描绘是人们为他人搭建的物理场景，供他人用于想象他们所描绘的场景。搭建一个场景与儿童在假装游戏中以及演员和工作人员在舞台剧中所进行的行为属于同一类型。该理论解释了日常描绘的一系列不同特征。尽管描绘是日常话语的组成部分，但在标准的语言处理模型中却没有它们的身影。要想完整，这些模型必须既要考虑描述和指向，也要考虑描绘。
