Eisenlord Morgan E, Groner Maya L, Yoshioka Reyn M, Elliott Joel, Maynard Jeffrey, Fradkin Steven, Turner Margaret, Pyne Katie, Rivlin Natalie, van Hooidonk Ruben, Harvell C Drew
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2016 Mar 5;371(1689). doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0212.
Over 20 species of asteroids were devastated by a sea star wasting disease (SSWD) epizootic, linked to a densovirus, from Mexico to Alaska in 2013 and 2014. For Pisaster ochraceus from the San Juan Islands, South Puget Sound and Washington outer coast, time-series monitoring showed rapid disease spread, high mortality rates in 2014, and continuing levels of wasting in the survivors in 2015. Peak prevalence of disease at 16 sites ranged to 100%, with an overall mean of 61%. Analysis of longitudinal data showed disease risk was correlated with both size and temperature and resulted in shifts in population size structure; adult populations fell to one quarter of pre-outbreak abundances. In laboratory experiments, time between development of disease signs and death was influenced by temperature in adults but not juveniles and adult mortality was 18% higher in the 19 °C treatment compared to the lower temperature treatments. While larger ochre stars developed disease signs sooner than juveniles, diseased juveniles died more quickly than diseased adults. Unusual 2-3 °C warm temperature anomalies were coincident with the summer 2014 mortalities. We suggest these warm waters could have increased the disease progression and mortality rates of SSWD in Washington State.
2013年和2014年，超过20种海星受到一种与浓核病毒有关的海星消瘦病（SSWD） epizootic的影响，从墨西哥到阿拉斯加都有波及。对于来自圣胡安群岛、南普吉特海湾和华盛顿外海岸的赭色海星，时间序列监测显示疾病传播迅速，2014年死亡率很高，2015年幸存者中仍有消瘦现象持续。16个地点的疾病高峰患病率高达100%，总体平均为61%。对纵向数据的分析表明，疾病风险与大小和温度都相关，并导致了种群大小结构的变化；成年种群降至疫情爆发前丰度的四分之一。在实验室实验中，疾病症状出现到死亡的时间在成年海星中受温度影响，但在幼年海星中不受影响，与较低温度处理相比，19°C处理下成年海星的死亡率高18%。虽然较大的赭色海星比幼年海星更早出现疾病症状，但患病的幼年海星比患病的成年海星死亡更快。2014年夏季的死亡率与2 - 3°C的异常温暖温度同时出现。我们认为这些温暖的海水可能加速了华盛顿州SSWD的疾病进程和死亡率。
