Maatschappij tot Redding van Drenkelingen, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;
Physiology (Bethesda). 2016 Mar;31(2):147-66. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00002.2015.
Drowning physiology relates to two different events: immersion (upper airway above water) and submersion (upper airway under water). Immersion involves integrated cardiorespiratory responses to skin and deep body temperature, including cold shock, physical incapacitation, and hypovolemia, as precursors of collapse and submersion. The physiology of submersion includes fear of drowning, diving response, autonomic conflict, upper airway reflexes, water aspiration and swallowing, emesis, and electrolyte disorders. Submersion outcome is determined by cardiac, pulmonary, and neurological injury. Knowledge of drowning physiology is scarce. Better understanding may identify methods to improve survival, particularly related to hot-water immersion, cold shock, cold-induced physical incapacitation, and fear of drowning.
浸没（上呼吸道在水面以上）和淹没（上呼吸道在水面以下）。浸没涉及到皮肤和深部体温的综合心肺反应，包括冷休克、身体失能和低血容量，这些都是崩溃和淹没的前兆。淹没的生理学包括溺水恐惧、潜水反应、自主冲突、上呼吸道反射、水吸入和吞咽、呕吐和电解质紊乱。淹没的结果取决于心脏、肺和神经系统的损伤。溺水生理学的知识很匮乏。更好地了解可能会确定改善生存的方法，特别是与热水浸没、冷休克、冷引起的身体失能和溺水恐惧有关的方法。
