Mansano Adrislaine S, Moreira Raquel A, Pierozzi Mayara, Oliveira Thiessa M A, Vieira Eny M, Rocha Odete, Regali-Seleghim Mirna H
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
Environ Pollut. 2016 Jun;213:160-172. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.054. Epub 2016 Feb 16.
Toxic effects of diuron and carbofuran on Paramecium caudatum were evaluated. Acute and chronic tests were conducted with diuron and carbofuran active ingredients and their commercial formulations, Diuron Nortox(®) 500 SC and Furadan(®) 350 SC, respectively. The sensitivity range of P. caudatum to reference substance sodium chloride was established. A preliminary risk assessment of diuron and carbofuran for Brazilian water bodies was performed. The tests indicated that toxicity of pure diuron and its commercial formulation was similar, while the commercial product carbofuran was more toxic than its pure form. In acute tests, readings were carried out at 2, 3, 4 and 6 h and showed an increase of mortality with increasing exposure time. The sensitivity of P. caudatum to NaCl ranged from 3.31 to 4.44 g L(-1), averaging 3.88 g L(-1). For diuron, the 6 h LC50 was 64.6 ± 3.3 mg L(-1) for its pure form and 62.4 ± 2.5 mg L(-1) for its commercial formulation. Carbofuran active ingredient was less toxic than that of diuron, presenting a 6 h LC50 of 142.0 ± 2.4 mg L(-1) for its pure form and 70.4 ± 2.2 mg L(-1) for its commercial product. Chronic tests showed that these pesticides cause significant decrease on population growth, generation number and biomass of P. caudatum. The 24 h IC50 was 7.10 ± 0.58 mg L(-1) for pure diuron, 6.78 ± 0.92 mg L(-1) for commercial diuron, 22.95 ± 3.57 mg L(-1) for pure carbofuran and 4.98 ± 0.62 mg L(-1) for commercial carbofuran. Preliminary risk assessment indicated that diuron and carbofuran present potential ecological risks for Brazilian water bodies. P. caudatum was a suitable and sensitive test organism to evaluate diuron and carbofuran toxicity to freshwater protozooplankton and, taking into account the relevant role of protozoans in aquatic environments, we strongly recommend its inclusion in ecotoxicological studies.
评估了敌草隆和克百威对尾草履虫的毒性作用。分别使用敌草隆和克百威的活性成分及其商业制剂敌草隆诺托克（®）500 SC和呋喃丹（®）350 SC进行了急性和慢性试验。确定了尾草履虫对参考物质氯化钠的敏感范围。对敌草隆和克百威对巴西水体进行了初步风险评估。试验表明，纯敌草隆及其商业制剂的毒性相似，而商业产品克百威比其纯形式毒性更大。在急性试验中，在2、3、4和6小时进行读数，结果显示死亡率随暴露时间增加而上升。尾草履虫对氯化钠的敏感度范围为3.31至4.44 g L⁻¹，平均为3.88 g L⁻¹。对于敌草隆，其纯形式的6小时半数致死浓度（LC50）为64.6±3.3 mg L⁻¹，其商业制剂为62.4±2.5 mg L⁻¹。克百威活性成分的毒性低于敌草隆，其纯形式的6小时LC50为142.0±2.4 mg L⁻¹，其商业产品为70.4±2.2 mg L⁻¹。慢性试验表明，这些农药会导致尾草履虫的种群增长、代数和生物量显著下降。纯敌草隆的24小时半数抑制浓度（IC50）为7.10±0.58 mg L⁻¹，商业敌草隆为6.78±0.92 mg L⁻¹，纯克百威为22.95±3.57 mg L⁻¹，商业克百威为4.98±0.62 mg L⁻¹。初步风险评估表明，敌草隆和克百威对巴西水体存在潜在生态风险。尾草履虫是评估敌草隆和克百威对淡水原生浮游动物毒性的合适且敏感的试验生物，考虑到原生动物在水生环境中的相关作用，我们强烈建议将其纳入生态毒理学研究。
