Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 May 1;551-552:656-67. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.021. Epub 2016 Feb 19.
The environment in the northern part of Tanzania is influenced by rapid population growth, and increased urbanization. Urban agriculture is common and of economic value for low income families. In Arusha, many households sell eggs from free-ranging backyard chicken. In 2011, 159 eggs from different households in five different locations in Arusha were collected, homogenized, pooled into 28 composite samples and analyzed for a wide selection of POPs. Levels of POPs varied widely within and between the locations. The levels of dieldrin and ΣDDT ranged between 2 and 98,791 and 2 and 324ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively. EU MRLs of 0.02mg/kg dieldrin for eggs were exceeded in 4/28 samples. PCBs, HCHs, chlordanes, toxaphenes and endosulfanes were found at lower frequency and levels. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), e.g polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromphenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were present in 100%, 60% and 46% of the composite samples, respectively. Octa-and deca-BDEs were the dominating PBDEs and BDE 209 levels ranged between <LOQ (limit of quantification) - 312ng/g lw. Dioxins were measured using the DR-LUC bio-assay and found in levels of <LOQ - 20pg bio-TEQs/g lw. Four samples (13%) exceeded the maximum level of 5pg/g total WHO-TEQs for hen eggs set by the Commission Regulation (EU) No 1259/2011. The daily/weekly intake was calculated and risk was characterized for all compounds comparing with available toxicity reference values (TRVs) such as the provisional tolerable intake (PTDI) or Reference Doses (RfDs). In one sample dieldrin exceeded the PTDI (100ng/kgbw/day). Correlation was found between bio-TEQs and lipid adjusted levels of ΣPBDEs, suggesting similar sources. Open fires in backyards may be one of the sources for contamination of eggs with BFRs and dioxins.
坦桑尼亚北部的环境受到人口快速增长和城市化进程加快的影响。城市农业很常见，对低收入家庭具有经济价值。在阿鲁沙，许多家庭出售自由放养后院鸡的鸡蛋。2011 年，从阿鲁沙五个不同地点的 159 个家庭的鸡蛋中采集、混合、汇集了 28 个综合样本，并对广泛的 POPs 进行了分析。POPs 的水平在地点内和地点之间差异很大。狄氏剂和 ΣDDT 的水平范围分别为 2 至 98791 和 2 至 324ng/g 脂肪重量（lw）。28 个样本中有 4 个超过了 0.02mg/kg 狄氏剂的欧盟最大残留限量（MRL）。PCBs、HCHs、氯丹、毒杀芬和硫丹的检出频率和水平较低。溴化阻燃剂（BFRs），如多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）、六溴环十二烷（HBCD）和 1,2-双（2,4,6-三溴苯氧基）乙烷（BTBPE）在 100%、60%和 46%的综合样本中存在。八溴和十溴二苯醚是主要的 PBDEs，BDE 209 的水平范围在<LOQ（定量限）-312ng/g lw 之间。二恶英使用 DR-LUC 生物测定法进行测量，其含量在<LOQ-20pg 生物-TEQs/g lw 之间。有 4 个样本（13%）超过了欧盟委员会条例（EU）No 1259/2011 规定的鸡鸡蛋总 WHO-TEQs 最大限量 5pg/g。根据可用的毒性参考值（TRVs），如暂定可耐受摄入量（PTDI）或参考剂量（RfDs），计算了每日/每周摄入量，并对所有化合物的风险进行了特征描述。在一个样本中，狄氏剂超过了 PTDI（100ng/kgbw/天）。生物-TEQs 与 ΣPBDEs 的脂质调整水平之间存在相关性，表明它们具有相似的来源。后院的明火可能是鸡蛋中 BFRs 和二恶英污染的来源之一。
