Jensen V F, Sommer H M, Struve T, Clausen J, Chriél M
National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark.
Statistics and Data Analysis, DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Building 324, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Prev Vet Med. 2016 Apr 1;126:170-82. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.023. Epub 2016 Feb 1.
The American mink (Neovison vison) is used for commercial fur production in Denmark. In recent years, antimicrobial prescription for Danish mink has been increasing. In this study, the patterns and trends in antimicrobial use in mink were described and a multi-variable variance analysis was carried out with the objective of identifying risk factors for antimicrobial use on herd level. The study was based on register data for 2007-2012. Information on antimicrobial use was obtained from the national database VetStat, monitoring all medicinal products used for animals on prescription level. Data on microbiological feed quality was obtained from the Voluntary Feed Control under the Mink producers Organization, and data on herd size and the relation between farm and feed producer was obtained from the registers at Kopenhagen Fur, based on yearly reporting from the mink producers. Descriptive analysis showed a clear significant effect of season on antimicrobial use, with a peak in "treatment proportions", TP (defined daily doses per kg biomass-days) in May, around the time of whelping, and a high level in the following months. In autumn, a minor peak in antimicrobial use occurred throughout the study period. From 2007 to 2011, a 102% increase in annual antimicrobial TP was noted; on herd level, the increase was associated with an increasing frequency of prescription, and a decrease in the amounts prescribed in months with prescription. A binomial model showed that on herd level, the annual number of months with antimicrobial prescription was significantly (p<0.01) affected by feed producer, veterinarian, disease (specific laboratory diagnosis) infection, herd size and year, with an interaction between feed producer and year. A log-normal model showed that in months with antimicrobial use, the TP on herd level was significantly (p<0.001) affected by year, month (season), feed producer, feed quality score, veterinarian, herd size and laboratory confirmed diagnosis of specific infections; additionally the interaction terms year×feed producer and herd size×month were significant (p<0.001). In conclusion, antimicrobial use on herd level was significantly associated with the microbiological food quality, the feed producer, and the veterinarian. The prescription patterns varied significantly between veterinarians, and some veterinarians were associated with both larger and more frequent prescriptions of antimicrobials at herd level. Herd size is associated with different prescription patterns. Finally, infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, astrovirus, influenza virus and Salmonella spp. was associated with an increase in antimicrobial use.
美国水貂（Neovison vison）在丹麦被用于商业毛皮生产。近年来，丹麦水貂的抗菌药物处方量一直在增加。在本研究中，描述了水貂抗菌药物使用的模式和趋势，并进行了多变量方差分析，目的是确定畜群水平上抗菌药物使用的风险因素。该研究基于2007 - 2012年的登记数据。抗菌药物使用信息来自国家数据库VetStat，该数据库监测所有按处方使用的动物药品。微生物饲料质量数据来自水貂生产者组织下属的自愿饲料控制部门，畜群规模以及养殖场与饲料生产商之间关系的数据来自哥本哈根皮草公司的登记册，这些数据基于水貂生产者的年度报告。描述性分析表明季节对抗菌药物使用有明显的显著影响，5月产仔前后“治疗比例”（TP，每千克生物量 - 天数的限定日剂量）达到峰值，随后几个月维持在较高水平。在秋季，整个研究期间抗菌药物使用出现一个小高峰。从2007年到2011年，年度抗菌药物TP增加了102%；在畜群水平上，这种增加与处方频率的增加以及有处方月份中处方量的减少有关。二项式模型表明，在畜群水平上，抗菌药物处方的年度月数受到饲料生产商、兽医、疾病（特定实验室诊断）感染、畜群规模和年份的显著影响（p<0.01），饲料生产商和年份之间存在交互作用。对数正态模型表明，在使用抗菌药物的月份，畜群水平上的TP受到年份、月份（季节）、饲料生产商、饲料质量评分、兽医、畜群规模以及特定感染的实验室确诊诊断的显著影响（p<0.001）；此外，年份×饲料生产商和畜群规模×月份的交互项也具有显著性（p<0.001）。总之，畜群水平上的抗菌药物使用与微生物饲料质量、饲料生产商和兽医显著相关。兽医之间的处方模式差异很大，一些兽医在畜群水平上开具的抗菌药物处方量更大且更频繁。畜群规模与不同的处方模式有关。最后，感染铜绿假单胞菌、星状病毒、流感病毒和沙门氏菌属与抗菌药物使用的增加有关。
