Zakaria Zainul Amiruddin, Balan Tavamani, Azemi Ahmad Khusairi, Omar Maizatul Hasyima, Mohtarrudin Norhafizah, Ahmad Zuraini, Abdullah Muhammad Nazrul Hakim, Desa Mohd Nasir Mohd, Teh Lay Kek, Salleh Mohd Zaki
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia.
Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Level 7, FF3 Building, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016 Feb 24;16:78. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1041-0.
Muntingia calabura L. (family Muntingiaceae), commonly known as Jamaican cherry or kerukup siam in Malaysia, is used traditionally to treat various ailments. The aim of this study is to elucidate the possible underlying gastroprotective mechanisms of ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of Muntingia calabura methanolic leaves extract (MEMC).
MEMC and its fractions were subjected to HPLC analysis to identify and quantify the presence of its phyto-constituents. The mechanism of gastroptotection of EAF was further investigated using pylorus ligation-induced gastric lesion rat model (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg). Macroscopic analysis of the stomach, evaluation of gastric content parameters such as volume, pH, free and total acidity, protein estimation, and quantification of mucus were carried out. The participation of nitric oxide (NO) and sulfhydryl (SH) compounds was evaluated and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluthathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and NO level in the ethanol induced stomach tissue homogenate was determined.
HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of quercetin and gallic acid in EAF. In pylorus-ligation model, EAF significantly (p <0.001) prevent gastric lesion formation. Volume of gastric content and total protein content reduced significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), while free and total acidity reduced in the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg (p <0.001 and p <0.05, respectively). EAF also augmented the mucus content significantly (p < 0.001). Pre-treatment with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) reversed the gastroprotective activity of EAF. EAF treatment markedly ameliorated the SOD, GSH and CAT activity and PGE2 and NO level while attenuating MDA level, relative to the vehicle group.
In conclusion, the underlying gastroprotective mechanisms of EAF could be associated with the antisecretory, participation of mucus, antiperoxidative, improvement of antioxidant status, modulation of NO and SH compounds, stimulation of PGE2 as well as presence of quercetin and gallic acid.
巴拉圭樱桃（Muntingia calabura L.，属于野牡丹科），在马来西亚通常被称为牙买加樱桃或暹罗樱桃，传统上用于治疗各种疾病。本研究的目的是阐明巴拉圭樱桃甲醇叶提取物（MEMC）的乙酸乙酯馏分（EAF）可能的潜在胃保护机制。
对MEMC及其馏分进行高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析，以鉴定和定量其植物成分。使用幽门结扎诱导的胃损伤大鼠模型（100、250和500 mg/kg）进一步研究EAF的胃保护机制。对胃进行宏观分析，评估胃内容物参数，如体积、pH值、游离酸度和总酸度、蛋白质测定以及黏液定量。评估一氧化氮（NO）和巯基（SH）化合物的参与情况，并测定乙醇诱导的胃组织匀浆中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、丙二醛（MDA）、前列腺素E2（PGE2）和NO水平。
HPLC分析证实EAF中存在槲皮素和没食子酸。在幽门结扎模型中，EAF显著（p <0.001）预防胃损伤形成。胃内容物体积和总蛋白含量显著降低（分别为p <0.01和p <0.05），而在250和500 mg/kg剂量下，游离酸度和总酸度降低（分别为p <0.001和p <0.05）。EAF还显著增加了黏液含量（p <0.001）。用N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）或N-乙基马来酰亚胺（NEM）预处理可逆转EAF的胃保护活性。相对于溶剂组，EAF处理显著改善了SOD、GSH和CAT活性以及PGE2和NO水平，同时降低了MDA水平。
总之，EAF潜在的胃保护机制可能与抗分泌、黏液参与、抗过氧化、抗氧化状态改善、NO和SH化合物调节、PGE2刺激以及槲皮素和没食子酸的存在有关。
