Huber Annika E, Bauerle Taryn L
Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
J Exp Bot. 2016 Mar;67(7):2063-79. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw099. Epub 2016 Mar 3.
Plants require the capacity for quick and precise recognition of external stimuli within their environment for survival. Upon exposure to biotic (herbivores and pathogens) or abiotic stressors (environmental conditions), plants can activate hydraulic, chemical, or electrical long-distance signals to initiate systemic stress responses. A plant's stress reactions can be highly precise and orchestrated in response to different stressors or stress combinations. To date, an array of information is available on plant responses to single stressors. However, information on simultaneously occurring stresses that represent either multiple, within, or across abiotic and biotic stress types is nascent. Likewise, the crosstalk between hydraulic, chemical, and electrical signaling pathways and the importance of each individual signaling type requires further investigation in order to be fully understood. The overlapping presence and speed of the signals upon plant exposure to various stressors makes it challenging to identify the signal initiating plant systemic stress/defense responses. Furthermore, it is thought that systemic plant responses are not transmitted by a single pathway, but rather by a combination of signals enabling the transmission of information on the prevailing stressor(s) and its intensity. In this review, we summarize the mode of action of hydraulic, chemical, and electrical long-distance signals, discuss their importance in information transmission to biotic and abiotic stressors, and suggest future research directions.
植物需要具备在其环境中快速、精确识别外部刺激的能力才能生存。在受到生物（食草动物和病原体）或非生物胁迫（环境条件）时，植物可以激活水力、化学或电的长距离信号，以启动系统性应激反应。植物的应激反应可以针对不同的胁迫因素或胁迫组合进行高度精确的协调。迄今为止，关于植物对单一胁迫因素的反应已有大量信息。然而，关于同时发生的胁迫（代表多种非生物和生物胁迫类型、在非生物和生物胁迫类型之内或之间）的信息尚处于起步阶段。同样，水力、化学和电信号通路之间的相互作用以及每种信号类型的重要性，还需要进一步研究才能完全理解。植物暴露于各种胁迫因素时信号的重叠存在和速度，使得识别引发植物系统性应激/防御反应的信号具有挑战性。此外，人们认为植物的系统性反应不是通过单一途径传递的，而是通过多种信号的组合来传递有关主要胁迫因素及其强度的信息。在这篇综述中，我们总结了水力、化学和电长距离信号的作用模式，讨论了它们在向生物和非生物胁迫因素传递信息方面的重要性，并提出了未来的研究方向。
