Deaner Robert O, Lowen Aaron
Departments of 1Psychology; and 2Economics, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan.
J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Nov;30(11):2991-2997. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001407.
Deaner, RO and Lowen, A. Males and females pace differently in high school cross-country races. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 2991-2997, 2016-Previous studies have demonstrated that men are more likely than women to slow in the marathon, but it is unknown whether the sex difference in pacing occurs for other race distances. This study addressed this question by analyzing the 5-km Virginia State Championship high school cross-country race for the years 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2014, which encompassed 3,948 performances. The pacing measure was percentage change in speed from mile 1 to mile 2. Across all runners, women (9.1%) slowed significantly (p = 0.002) more than men (8.7%), although the magnitude of the difference was trivial (effect size [ES] = -0.10). However, when women and men in physiologically equated finishing time groups (e.g., <17:00 for men; <19:03 for women) were compared, men slowed significantly more (p < 0.001) in all 4 groups, and the differences were nontrivial (ESs range 0.27-0.92). Because glycogen depletion is irrelevant for 5 km performances, these results challenge the hypothesis that the sex difference in pacing is due to males' greater susceptibility to glycogen depletion. These results instead support the hypothesis that the sex difference in pacing partly reflects a sex difference in some aspect of decision making, such as overconfidence, risk perception, or willingness to tolerate discomfort. Coaches and athletes are advised to consider individual variation in these characteristics when planning training and racing.
迪纳，R.O. 以及洛文，A. 高中越野赛中男性和女性的配速方式不同。《力量与体能研究杂志》30(11): 2991 - 2997，2016年 - 先前的研究表明，在马拉松比赛中男性比女性更有可能减速，但在其他比赛距离中是否存在配速方面的性别差异尚不清楚。本研究通过分析2010年、2012年、2013年和2014年的弗吉尼亚州高中越野锦标赛5公里比赛来解决这个问题，该比赛涵盖了3948次参赛成绩。配速测量指标是从第1英里到第2英里的速度百分比变化。在所有参赛选手中，女性（9.1%）的减速幅度（p = 0.002）显著大于男性（8.7%），尽管差异幅度很小（效应量[ES] = -0.10）。然而，当比较生理上完成时间相当的组中的女性和男性时（例如，男性<17:00；女性<19:03），在所有4个组中男性的减速幅度都显著更大（p < 0.001），且差异并非微不足道（效应量范围为0.27 - 0.92）。由于糖原消耗与5公里比赛成绩无关，这些结果对配速方面的性别差异是由于男性对糖原消耗更敏感这一假设提出了挑战。这些结果反而支持了这样一种假设，即配速方面的性别差异部分反映了决策某些方面的性别差异，比如过度自信、风险认知或忍受不适的意愿。建议教练和运动员在规划训练和比赛时考虑这些特征的个体差异。
