Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
Water Res. 2016 May 1;94:257-279. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.047. Epub 2016 Feb 23.
Although there are no legal discharge limits for micropollutants into the environment, some regulations have been published in the last few years. Recently, a watch list of substances for European Union-wide monitoring was reported in the Decision 2015/495/EU of 20 March 2015. Besides the substances previously recommended to be included by the Directive 39/2013/EU, namely two pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and the synthetic hormone 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2)) and a natural hormone (17-beta-estradiol (E2)), the first watch list of 10 substances/groups of substances also refers three macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin), other natural hormone (estrone (E1)), some pesticides (methiocarb, oxadiazon, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid and triallate), a UV filter (2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate) and an antioxidant (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) commonly used as food additive. Since little is known about the removal of most of the substances included in the Decision 2015/495/EU, particularly regarding realistic concentrations in aqueous environmental samples, this review aims to: (i) overview the European policy in the water field; (ii) briefly describe the most commonly used conventional and advanced treatment processes to remove micropollutants; (iii) summarize the relevant data published in the last decade, regarding occurrence and removal in aqueous matrices of the 10 substances/groups of substances that were recently included in the first watch list for European Union monitoring (Decision 2015/495/EU); and (iv) highlight the lack of reports concerning some substances of the watch list, the study of un-spiked aquatic matrices and the assessment of transformation by-products.
虽然对于环境中的微量污染物没有法律排放限制，但在过去几年中已经发布了一些规定。最近，在 2015 年 3 月 20 日的第 2015/495/EU 号决定中报告了欧盟范围内监测的物质观察名单。除了先前被第 39/2013/EU 号指令建议列入的两种药物（双氯芬酸和合成激素 17-α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2））和一种天然激素（17-β-雌二醇（E2））外，该观察名单的第一批还包括 10 种物质/物质组，其中还包括三种大环内酯类抗生素（阿奇霉素、克拉霉素和红霉素）、另一种天然激素（雌酮（E1））、一些农药（灭多威、恶草酮、吡虫啉、噻虫啉、噻虫胺、噻虫嗪、啶虫脒和三唑磷）、一种紫外线滤光剂（2-乙基己基-4-甲氧基肉桂酸酯）和一种抗氧化剂（2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚），通常用作食品添加剂。由于对于决定 2015/495/EU 中包含的大多数物质的去除知之甚少，特别是对于实际浓度在水相环境样品中的去除情况，因此，本综述旨在：（i）概述欧洲在水领域的政策；（ii）简要描述最常用的常规和先进处理工艺以去除微量污染物；（iii）总结过去十年中发表的相关数据，涉及最近被列入欧盟监测观察名单（第 2015/495/EU 号决定）的 10 种物质/物质组在水相基质中的出现和去除情况；（iv）强调缺乏观察名单中某些物质的报告、未经加标水相基质的研究以及对转化副产物的评估。
