Grigoryeva L A, Stanyukovich M K
Zoological Institute of RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia, 199034.
Exp Appl Acarol. 2016 Jul;69(3):347-57. doi: 10.1007/s10493-016-0038-1. Epub 2016 Mar 15.
The life cycle of Ixodes persulcatus lasts 3 years in the conditions of the Leningrad province (North-West Russia), the development of each phase taking a year. The normal age of the taiga tick is 3 years. The calendar age of larvae and nymphs reaches 11-12 months under favorable abiotic and biotic factors, while the calendar age of adults does not exceed 11 months. At the preimaginal phases of development the ticks that breed in August can feed before or after winter. However, their metamorphosis begins and reaches completion within the same timeframes (from late June to early August) and lasts for about 30-50 (60) days. The survival rate of hungry and engorged larvae and nymphs after wintering is quite high (88.6-100 %). We explain the low activity of larvae and nymphs in late summer and autumn by incomplete development. Morphogenetic diapause of engorged larvae and nymphs interrupts digestion but not metamorphosis which starts only in late June and July after the complete absorption of blood from the gut cavity.
全沟硬蜱的生命周期在列宁格勒省（俄罗斯西北部）的条件下持续3年，每个阶段的发育需要一年时间。全沟硬蜱的正常年龄为3岁。在有利的非生物和生物因素下，幼虫和若虫的日历年龄可达11至12个月，而成虫的日历年龄不超过11个月。在发育的未成熟阶段，8月繁殖的蜱虫可以在冬季之前或之后进食。然而它们的变态在同一时间范围内（从6月下旬到8月初）开始并完成，持续约30至50（60）天。饥饿和饱食的幼虫和若虫越冬后的存活率相当高（88.6%至100%）。我们将夏末和秋季幼虫和若虫活动低的原因解释为发育不完全。饱食的幼虫和若虫的形态发生滞育会中断消化，但不会中断变态，变态仅在肠道腔内血液完全吸收后的6月下旬和7月开始。
