Ruiz Lorena, Moles Laura, Gueimonde Miguel, Rodriguez Juan M
*Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid †Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Río Linares, Asturias, Spain.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016 Dec;63(6):e193-e203. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001196.
Microbial communities inhabiting the human host play important roles in maintaining health status, including reproduction and early life programming, which is particularly important in the context of preterm neonates' health. Preterm birth (PTB) is often the result of a microbial dysbiosis or infection. In addition, preterm neonates experience different levels of organ immaturity and an abnormal gut microbiota establishment, as compared to full-term neonates. This exacerbates their developmental problems and can have negative consequences at systemic level. In addition, preterm babies are commonly exposed to delayed enteral feeding and hospital environments, which increases the risk of short- and long-term health problems. Some of these clinical conditions, such as necrotizing enterocolitis or sepsis, may be life threatening, whereas others may translate into life-long conditions, including cognitive problems. Increasing scientific interest has focused on understanding developmental problems in preterm neonates related to abnormalities in the settlement of their microbial communities, with the final goal of selecting appropriate microbiome-targeted strategies (eg, probiotics), to reduce preterm health risks and improve overall quality of life.This review aims to summarize current knowledge on microbiological factors influencing PTB initiation and gastrointestinal development, and on the health consequences to the preterm neonate. Scientific evidences on dietary strategies reducing PTB incidence and minimizing sequelae in this particularly sensitive human group subpopulation are also discussed.
寄居于人类宿主的微生物群落对于维持健康状态起着重要作用，包括生殖和早期生命编程，这在早产儿健康方面尤为重要。早产通常是微生物群落失调或感染的结果。此外，与足月儿相比，早产儿经历不同程度的器官不成熟以及肠道微生物群建立异常。这加剧了他们的发育问题，并可能在全身层面产生负面后果。此外，早产儿通常会经历延迟肠内喂养和医院环境，这增加了短期和长期健康问题的风险。其中一些临床病症，如坏死性小肠结肠炎或败血症，可能危及生命，而其他病症可能会导致终身疾病，包括认知问题。越来越多的科学兴趣集中在了解与早产儿微生物群落定植异常相关的发育问题上，最终目标是选择合适的以微生物群为靶点的策略（如益生菌），以降低早产健康风险并提高整体生活质量。本综述旨在总结关于影响早产发生和胃肠道发育的微生物学因素以及对早产儿健康后果的现有知识。还讨论了关于降低早产发生率并将这一特别敏感的人群亚组中的后遗症降至最低的饮食策略的科学证据。
