Previšić Ana, Schnitzler Jan, Kučinić Mladen, Graf Wolfram, Ibrahimi Halil, Kerovec Mladen, Pauls Steffen U
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
Freshw Sci. 2014 Mar;33(1):250-262. doi: 10.1086/674430. Epub 2013 Dec 26.
The karst areas in the Dinaric region of the Western Balkan Peninsula are a hotspot of freshwater biodiversity. Many investigators have examined diversification of the subterranean freshwater fauna in these karst systems. However, diversification of surface-water fauna remains largely unexplored. We assessed local and regional diversification of surface-water species in karst systems and asked whether patterns of population differentiation could be explained by dispersal-diversification processes or allopatric diversification following karst-related microscale vicariance. We analyzed mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) sequence data of 4 caddisfly species (genus ) in a phylogeographic framework to assess local and regional population genetic structure and Pliocene/Pleistocene history. We used BEAST software to assess the timing of intraspecific diversification of the target species. We compared climate envelopes of the study species and projected climatically suitable areas during the last glacial maximum (LGM) to assess differences in the species climatic niches and infer potential LGM refugia. The haplotype distribution of the 4 species (324 individuals from 32 populations) was characterized by strong genetic differentiation with few haplotypes shared among populations (16%) and deep divergence among populations of the 3 endemic species, even at local scales. Divergence among local populations of endemics often exceeded divergence among regional and continental clades of the widespread . Major divergences among regional populations dated to 2.0 to 0.5 Mya. Species distribution model projections and genetic structure suggest that the endemic species persisted in situ and diversified locally throughout multiple Pleistocene climate cycles. The pattern for was different and consistent with multiple invasions into the region. Patterns of population genetic structure and diversification were similar for the 3 regional endemic species and consistent with microscale vicariance after the onset of intensified karstification in the Dinaric region. Karstification may induce microscale vicariance of running surface-water habitats and probably promotes allopatric fragmentation of stream insects at small spatial scales.
西巴尔干半岛迪纳拉地区的喀斯特地区是淡水生物多样性的热点地区。许多研究人员研究了这些喀斯特系统中地下淡水动物群的多样化。然而，地表水动物群的多样化在很大程度上仍未得到探索。我们评估了喀斯特系统中地表水物种的局部和区域多样化，并探讨了种群分化模式是否可以用扩散 - 多样化过程或喀斯特相关微观尺度隔离后的异域多样化来解释。我们在系统发育地理学框架内分析了4种毛翅目昆虫（属）的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（mtCOI）序列数据，以评估局部和区域种群遗传结构以及上新世/更新世历史。我们使用BEAST软件评估目标物种种内多样化的时间。我们比较了研究物种的气候包络，并预测了末次盛冰期（LGM）期间的气候适宜区域，以评估物种气候生态位的差异并推断潜在的LGM避难所。这4个物种（来自32个种群的324个个体）的单倍型分布的特点是强烈的遗传分化，种群间共享的单倍型很少（16%），并且3个特有物种的种群间存在深度分化，即使在局部尺度上也是如此。特有物种局部种群之间的分化往往超过广泛分布物种的区域和大陆分支之间的分化。区域种群之间的主要分化可追溯到2.0至0.5百万年前。物种分布模型预测和遗传结构表明，特有物种在多个更新世气候周期中就地持续存在并在当地多样化。的模式不同，与多次入侵该地区一致。3个区域特有物种的种群遗传结构和多样化模式相似，与迪纳拉地区强烈喀斯特化开始后的微观尺度隔离一致。喀斯特化可能会导致流动地表水栖息地的微观尺度隔离，并可能在小空间尺度上促进溪流昆虫的异域碎片化。
