DOI Alaska Climate Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA.
USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, 400 N. 34th Street, Suite 201, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA.
Glob Chang Biol. 2016 Jul;22(7):2353-69. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13275. Epub 2016 Apr 19.
The historical and presettlement relationships between drought and wildfire are well documented in North America, with forest fire occurrence and area clearly increasing in response to drought. There is also evidence that drought interacts with other controls (forest productivity, topography, fire weather, management activities) to affect fire intensity, severity, extent, and frequency. Fire regime characteristics arise across many individual fires at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, so both weather and climate - including short- and long-term droughts - are important and influence several, but not all, aspects of fire regimes. We review relationships between drought and fire regimes in United States forests, fire-related drought metrics and expected changes in fire risk, and implications for fire management under climate change. Collectively, this points to a conceptual model of fire on real landscapes: fire regimes, and how they change through time, are products of fuels and how other factors affect their availability (abundance, arrangement, continuity) and flammability (moisture, chemical composition). Climate, management, and land use all affect availability, flammability, and probability of ignition differently in different parts of North America. From a fire ecology perspective, the concept of drought varies with scale, application, scientific or management objective, and ecosystem.
北美有大量关于干旱与野火之间历史和定居前关系的记载，森林火灾的发生和面积明显随着干旱而增加。有证据表明，干旱与其他控制因素（森林生产力、地形、火灾天气、管理活动）相互作用，影响火灾强度、严重程度、范围和频率。火灾发生在许多不同的时空尺度的单个火灾中，因此天气和气候——包括短期和长期干旱——都很重要，并影响火灾发生的几个方面，但不是所有方面。我们回顾了美国森林中干旱与火灾发生的关系、与火灾有关的干旱指标以及火灾风险的预期变化，以及气候变化下对火灾管理的影响。总的来说，这指向了现实景观中火的概念模型：火灾发生的规律，以及它们随时间的变化，是燃料的产物，以及其他因素如何影响它们的可用性（丰度、排列、连续性）和可燃性（水分、化学成分）。气候、管理和土地利用在北美的不同地区以不同的方式影响可用性、可燃性和点火概率。从火灾生态学的角度来看，干旱的概念随着规模、应用、科学或管理目标以及生态系统的不同而变化。
