Winkvist Anna, Hultén Bodil, Kim Jeong-Lim, Johansson Ingegerd, Torén Kjell, Brisman Jonas, Bertéus Forslund Heléne
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 459, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Nutr J. 2016 Apr 21;15:41. doi: 10.1186/s12937-016-0160-2.
Overweight and obesity among adolescents are increasing worldwide. Risk factors include dietary intake characteristics and high levels of physical inactivity. In Sweden, few large comprehensive population-based surveys of dietary intake and lifestyle among adolescents have been carried out. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to describe dietary intake and food choices as well as leisure time activities in relation to overweight and obesity in a total sample of all schoolchildren aged 15 years in Western Sweden.
In 2008, a questionnaire was sent to all 21,651 adolescents born in 1992 in Västra Götaland Region, Sweden. Participation rate was 54.3 % (50.7 % girls/49.3 % boys). The questionnaire included a 73-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and questions on lifestyle. Results were evaluated against the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations and Swedish indicators of healthy diet and exercise habits. Associations with concurrent overweight and obesity were evaluated in multiple linear regression analysis.
Among girls, 49.5 % reached the goal of consuming fruit and vegetables at least daily, whereas for boys the figure was 34.4 %. Among both sexes, 15 % reached the goal of consuming fish at least twice weekly. Two-thirds of both sexes reached the goal of regular moderate or vigorous physical activity weekly. In total, 12.4 % were overweight and 2.4 % were obese. More girls than boys were underweight, whereas more boys than girls were overweight or obese (p < 0.001). Boys exhibited a more frequent intake of sodas and concentrated fruit juices, milk 3 % fat, bread and potatoes and fast food (p < 0.001). Frequent intake of candies and chocolate was reported by both sexes. Among girls and boys, living in rural areas, living in apartments and reporting no frequent leisure time physical activity were significant risk factors for being overweight or obese, also when adjusted for other risk factors.
Dietary habits of adolescents in Western Sweden warrant improvements. Public health actions should be taken to increase consumption of fruit, vegetables and fish, and decrease consumption of sodas and candies and also to increase frequency of physical activity. These actions may be helpful in reducing risks for overweight and obesity.
全球范围内青少年超重和肥胖现象日益增多。风险因素包括饮食摄入特征和身体活动水平低下。在瑞典，针对青少年饮食摄入和生活方式的大规模综合性人群调查开展得较少。因此，本研究旨在描述瑞典西部所有15岁学童总体样本中与超重和肥胖相关的饮食摄入、食物选择以及休闲活动情况。
2008年，向瑞典韦斯特罗斯哥特兰地区所有1992年出生的21651名青少年发放了问卷。参与率为54.3%（女孩50.7%/男孩49.3%）。问卷包括一份73项的半定量食物频率问卷和有关生活方式的问题。根据北欧营养建议以及瑞典健康饮食和运动习惯指标对结果进行评估。在多元线性回归分析中评估与同期超重和肥胖的关联。
女孩中，49.5%达到了至少每天食用水果和蔬菜的目标，而男孩的这一比例为34.4%。两性中，15%达到了每周至少食用两次鱼的目标。两性中三分之二达到了每周定期进行适度或剧烈身体活动的目标。总体而言，12.4%超重，2.4%肥胖。体重过轻的女孩比男孩多，而超重或肥胖的男孩比女孩多（p<0.001）。男孩更频繁地饮用汽水和浓缩果汁、全脂牛奶、面包、土豆以及快餐（p<0.001）。两性均报告经常食用糖果和巧克力。在女孩和男孩中，居住在农村地区、居住在公寓以及报告没有频繁的休闲时间身体活动是超重或肥胖的显著风险因素，在调整其他风险因素后也是如此。
瑞典西部青少年的饮食习惯有待改善。应采取公共卫生行动，增加水果、蔬菜和鱼的摄入量，减少汽水和糖果的摄入量，并增加身体活动频率。这些行动可能有助于降低超重和肥胖风险。
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