Hartley Alan A, Maquestiaux François, Festini Sara B, Frazier Kathryn, Krimmer Patricia J
Department of Psychology, Scripps College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
Laboratoire de Psychologie & MSHE-Ledoux, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2016 Jul;78(5):1337-50. doi: 10.3758/s13414-016-1113-8.
In many dual-task situations, responses to the second of two tasks are slowed when the time between tasks is short. The response-selection bottleneck model of dual-task performance accounts for this phenomenon by assuming that central processing of the second task is blocked by a bottleneck until central processing of Task 1 is complete. This assumption could be called into question if it could be demonstrated that the response to Task 2 affected the central processing of Task 1, a backward response compatibility effect. Such effects are well-established in younger adults. Backward compatibility effects in older (as well as younger) adults were explored in two experiments. The first experiment found clear backward response compatibility effects for younger adults but no evidence of them for older adults. The second experiment explored backward stimulus compatibility and found similar effects in both younger and older adults. Evidence possibly consistent with some pre-bottleneck processing of Task 2 central stages also was found in the second experiment in both age groups. For younger adults, the results provide further evidence falsifying the claim of an immutable response selection bottleneck. For older adults, the evidence suggested that Task 2 affects Task 1 when there is stimulus compatibility but not when there is response compatibility.
在许多双重任务情境中，当两个任务之间的时间间隔较短时，对两项任务中第二项任务的反应会变慢。双重任务表现的反应选择瓶颈模型解释了这一现象，该模型假设第二项任务的中央处理在瓶颈处受阻，直到第一项任务的中央处理完成。如果能够证明对任务2的反应会影响任务1的中央处理，即反向反应兼容性效应，那么这一假设可能会受到质疑。这种效应在年轻人中已得到充分证实。通过两个实验探究了老年人（以及年轻人）中的反向兼容性效应。第一个实验发现年轻人存在明显的反向反应兼容性效应，但未发现老年人有此类效应的证据。第二个实验探究了反向刺激兼容性，发现年轻人和老年人都有类似效应。在第二个实验中，两个年龄组还发现了可能与任务2中央阶段的某些瓶颈前处理相一致的证据。对于年轻人来说，这些结果进一步证明了关于存在不可改变的反应选择瓶颈这一说法是错误的。对于老年人来说，证据表明当存在刺激兼容性时任务2会影响任务1，而当存在反应兼容性时则不会。
