Lyphout-Spitz Morgan, Maquestiaux François, Ruthruff Eric
Laboratoire de recherches intégratives en neurosciences et psychologie cognitive (LINC, UR 481) and Maison des sciences de l'homme et de l'environnement (MSHE) Ledoux (UAR 3124), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 1 rue Charles Nodier, 25000, Besançon, France.
Institut Universitaire de France, Besançon, France.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2022 Apr;29(2):501-511. doi: 10.3758/s13423-021-01974-1. Epub 2021 Nov 9.
Maquestiaux, Lyphout-Spitz, Ruthruff, and Arexis (2020) demonstrated that ideomotor-compatible (IM) tasks (e.g., pressing the left key when an arrow points left) can operate automatically, entirely bypassing the central bottleneck that constrains dual-task performance. But is bottleneck bypassing a specific consequence of IM compatibility or is it due to task ease? To answer this question, we tested the automaticity of a task that was easy but not IM. The task was easy due to the high semantic compatibility between the stimulus and the response: saying "ping" when hearing "pong" and "pong" to "ping" in Experiment 1, saying "low" when hearing "high" and "high" to "low" in Experiment 2. We presented it as Task 2, along with a Task 1 that was not easy, due to the use of an arbitrary stimulus-response mapping. Single-task trials were randomly intermixed with dual-task trials and then used as baselines to assess dual-task costs and to simulate distributions of inter-response intervals (IRIs) predictive of bottleneck bypassing vs. bottlenecking. The results of both experiments provided converging evidence that the entire Task 2 bypassed the bottleneck on virtually all trials: very small dual-task costs, high percentages of response reversals, and a close match between the observed IRI distributions and that predicted by bottleneck bypassing. Neither ideomotor compatibility nor task speed (the semantic task was not particularly fast) explain these findings. We therefore propose that the key to bypassing the central bottleneck is the ease with which people can fully load the stimulus-response mapping into working memory.
马克斯蒂奥、利弗特 - 斯皮茨、鲁思拉夫和阿雷西斯（2020年）证明，观念运动兼容（IM）任务（例如，当箭头指向左边时按下左键）可以自动运行，完全绕过限制双重任务表现的中央瓶颈。但瓶颈绕过是IM兼容性的特定结果，还是由于任务简单呢？为了回答这个问题，我们测试了一个简单但不具备IM兼容性的任务的自动性。该任务简单是因为刺激与反应之间的语义兼容性高：在实验1中，听到“乒乓”时说“乒”，听到“乒”时说“乒乓”；在实验2中，听到“高”时说“低”，听到“低”时说“高”。我们将其作为任务2呈现，同时还有一个由于使用任意刺激 - 反应映射而不简单的任务1。单任务试验与双重任务试验随机混合，然后用作基线来评估双重任务成本，并模拟预测瓶颈绕过与瓶颈效应的反应间隔（IRI）分布。两个实验的结果都提供了一致的证据，表明几乎在所有试验中整个任务2都绕过了瓶颈：双重任务成本非常小，反应反转的百分比很高，并且观察到的IRI分布与瓶颈绕过预测的分布非常匹配。观念运动兼容性和任务速度（语义任务并不特别快）都无法解释这些发现。因此，我们提出绕过中央瓶颈的关键在于人们能够轻松地将刺激 - 反应映射完全加载到工作记忆中。
