1The University of Queensland,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation,St. Lucia,QLD 4072,Australia.
2Wageningen University and Research Centre,Animal Sciences Group,6708 WD Wageningen,The Netherlands.
Nutr Res Rev. 2016 Jun;29(1):60-90. doi: 10.1017/S0954422416000020. Epub 2016 May 13.
The present review examines the pig as a model for physiological studies in human subjects related to nutrient sensing, appetite regulation, gut barrier function, intestinal microbiota and nutritional neuroscience. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms regarding acids (sour), carbohydrates (sweet), glutamic acid (umami) and fatty acids are conserved between humans and pigs. In contrast, pigs show limited perception of high-intensity sweeteners and NaCl and sense a wider array of amino acids than humans. Differences on bitter taste may reflect the adaptation to ecosystems. In relation to appetite regulation, plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 are similar in pigs and humans, while peptide YY in pigs is ten to twenty times higher and ghrelin two to five times lower than in humans. Pigs are an excellent model for human studies for vagal nerve function related to the hormonal regulation of food intake. Similarly, the study of gut barrier functions reveals conserved defence mechanisms between the two species particularly in functional permeability. However, human data are scant for some of the defence systems and nutritional programming. The pig model has been valuable for studying the changes in human microbiota following nutritional interventions. In particular, the use of human flora-associated pigs is a useful model for infants, but the long-term stability of the implanted human microbiota in pigs remains to be investigated. The similarity of the pig and human brain anatomy and development is paradigmatic. Brain explorations and therapies described in pig, when compared with available human data, highlight their value in nutritional neuroscience, particularly regarding functional neuroimaging techniques.
本综述考察了猪作为研究人类相关生理机能的模型，这些生理机能包括营养感应、食欲调节、肠道屏障功能、肠道微生物群和营养神经科学。在人类和猪之间，酸（酸）、碳水化合物（甜）、谷氨酸（鲜味）和脂肪酸的营养感应机制是保守的。相比之下，猪对高强度甜味剂和 NaCl 的感知有限，对氨基酸的感知范围比人类更广。苦味差异可能反映了对生态系统的适应。在食欲调节方面，猪和人类的胆囊收缩素和胰高血糖素样肽-1 的血浆浓度相似，而猪的肽 YY 比人类高 10 到 20 倍，而 ghrelin 比人类低 2 到 5 倍。猪是研究与激素调节摄食相关的迷走神经功能的人类研究的极佳模型。同样，肠道屏障功能的研究揭示了两种物种之间保守的防御机制，特别是在功能渗透性方面。然而，一些防御系统和营养编程的人类数据仍然很少。猪模型对于研究营养干预后人类微生物群的变化非常有价值。特别是，使用人源菌群相关的猪是研究婴儿的有用模型，但植入的人源微生物群在猪体内的长期稳定性仍有待研究。猪和人类大脑解剖结构和发育的相似性是典范的。在猪身上进行的大脑探索和治疗，与现有的人类数据进行比较，突出了它们在营养神经科学中的价值，特别是在功能神经影像学技术方面。
