Rolls Edmund T
Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK; Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016 Sep;68:47-58. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.007. Epub 2016 May 12.
A non-reward attractor theory of depression is proposed based on the operation of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and supracallosal cingulate cortex. The orbitofrontal cortex contains error neurons that respond to non-reward for many seconds in an attractor state that maintains a memory of the non-reward. The human lateral orbitofrontal cortex is activated by non-reward during reward reversal, and by a signal to stop a response that is now incorrect. Damage to the human orbitofrontal cortex impairs reward reversal learning. Not receiving reward can produce depression. The theory proposed is that in depression, this lateral orbitofrontal cortex non-reward system is more easily triggered, and maintains its attractor-related firing for longer. This triggers negative cognitive states, which in turn have positive feedback top-down effects on the orbitofrontal cortex non-reward system. Treatments for depression, including ketamine, may act in part by quashing this attractor. The mania of bipolar disorder is hypothesized to be associated with oversensitivity and overactivity in the reciprocally related reward system in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and pregenual cingulate cortex.
基于外侧眶额皮质和胼胝体上扣带回皮质的运作，提出了一种抑郁症的无奖赏吸引子理论。眶额皮质包含错误神经元，这些神经元在一种维持无奖赏记忆的吸引子状态下，对无奖赏做出长达数秒的反应。在奖赏反转期间，人类外侧眶额皮质会被无奖赏激活，也会被一个停止当前错误反应的信号激活。人类眶额皮质受损会损害奖赏反转学习。未获得奖赏会导致抑郁。所提出的理论是，在抑郁症中，这个外侧眶额皮质无奖赏系统更容易被触发，并在更长时间内维持其与吸引子相关的放电。这会触发消极认知状态，而消极认知状态反过来又会对眶额皮质无奖赏系统产生自上而下的正反馈效应。包括氯胺酮在内的抑郁症治疗方法，可能部分是通过消除这种吸引子起作用的。双相情感障碍的躁狂症被推测与内侧眶额皮质和膝前扣带回皮质中相互关联的奖赏系统的过度敏感和过度活跃有关。
